Obese adults have visual attention bias for food cue images: Evidence for altered reward system function
Abstract
Background The major aim of this study was to investigate whether the motivational salience of food cues (as reflected by their attention-grabbing properties) differs between obese and normal-weight subjects in a manner consistent with altered reward system function in obesity.Methodology/principal findings A total of 18 obese and 18 normal-weight, otherwise healthy, adult women between the ages of 18 and 35 participated in an eye-tracking paradigm in combination with a visual probe task. Eye movements and reaction time to food and non-food images were recorded during both fasted and fed conditions in a counterbalanced design. Eating behavior and hunger level were assessed by self-report measures. Obese individuals had higher scores than normal-weight individuals on self-report measures of responsiveness to external food cues and vulnerability to disruptions in control of eating behavior. Both obese and normal-weight individuals demonstrated increased gaze duration for food compared to non-food images in the fasted condition. In the fed condition, however, despite reduced hunger in both groups, obese individuals maintained the increased attention to food images, whereas normal-weight individuals had similar gaze duration for food and non-food images. Additionally, obese individuals had preferential orienting toward food images at the onset of each image. Obese and normal-weight individuals did not differ in reaction time measures in the fasted or fed condition.Conclusions/significance Food cue incentive salience is elevated equally in normal-weight and obese individuals during fasting. Obese individuals retain incentive salience for food cues despite feeding and decreased self-report of hunger. Sensitization to food cues in the environment and their dysregulation in obese individuals may play a role in the development and/or maintenance of obesity.
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Individual differences in ABs are not specific to threat cues in anxiety, as they are also found for other motivationally or personally salient information, for example, in illness and pain, and for rewards such as food cues in obesity and drug cues in addiction.
“Individual differences in ABs are not specific to threat cues in anxiety, as they are also found for other motivationally or personally salient information, for example, in illness and pain (Hou et al., 2014;Todd et al., 2015); as well as for rewards, such as food cues in obesity (Castellanos et al., 2009) and drug cues in addiction (Field & Cox, 2008;Field, Mogg, & Bradley, 2006).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 2009
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- Authors
- Castellanos, E. H., Charboneau, E., Dietrich, M. S., Park, S., Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., & Cowan, R. L.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Venue
- International Journal of Obesity
- Published
- 2009-07-21
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1063-1073
- ISSN
- 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5497
- OpenAlex
- W2075110848
- Cited by
- 564
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 20.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Vanderbilt University
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- obesity, incentive salience, reward systems, hunger, dietary habits, eye movements, visual probe task
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cues, Evoked Potentials, Fasting, Feeding Behavior, Female, Food, Humans, Hunger, Obesity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reward, Young Adult
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