Food cue reactivity: Neurobiological and behavioral underpinnings
Open accessAbstract
The modern obesogenic environment contains an abundance of food cues (e.g., sight, smell of food) as well cues that are associated with food through learning and memory processes. Food cue exposure can lead to food seeking and excessive consumption in otherwise food-sated individuals, and a high level of food cue responsivity is a risk factor for overweight and obesity. Similar food cue responses are observed in experimental rodent models, and these models are therefore useful for mechanistically identifying the neural circuits mediating food cue responsivity. This review draws from both experimental rodent models and human data to characterize the behavioral and biological processes through which food-associated stimuli contribute to overeating and weight gain. Two rodent models are emphasized – cue-potentiated feeding and Pavlovian-instrumental transfer – that provide insight in the neural circuits and peptide systems underlying food cue responsivity. Data from humans are highlighted that reveal physiological, psychological, and neural mechanisms that connect food cue responsivity with overeating and weight gain. The collective literature identifies connections between heightened food cue responsivity and obesity in both rodents and humans, and identifies underlying brain regions (nucleus accumbens, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus) and endocrine systems (ghrelin) that regulate food cue responsivity in both species. These species similarities are encouraging for the possibility of mechanistic rodent model research and further human research leading to novel treatments for excessive food cue responsivity in humans.
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The CIRO model posits that the presence of food cues elicits varying degrees of food cue reactivity, which is influenced by constant and transient influencers and, when heightened, contributes to overeating and weight gain.
“In this model, the presence of food cues elicits varying degrees of food cue reactivity, which is influenced by constant and transient influencers and, when heightened, ultimately contributes to overeating and weight gain [40].”
From What Is Food Noise? A Conceptual Model of Food Cue Reactivity (2023) · cites this paper as [40]
Heightened cue reactivity, assessed as self-reported preoccupation with food or brain response to food cues, has been observed in overweight individuals and those with binge-eating disorder.
“heightened cue reactivity, which is often assessed as self-reported preoccupation with food or measured using changes in brain response to food cues, has been observed in overweight individuals [39] and those living with a binge-eating disorder [40].”
From What Is Food Noise? A Conceptual Model of Food Cue Reactivity (2023) · cites this paper as [40]
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Self-citationMidbrain response to milkshake correlates with ad libitum milkshake intake in the absence of hunger
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Extinction of cue-evoked drug-seeking relies on degrading hierarchical instrumental expectancies
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Enhanced incentive motivation in obesity-prone rats is mediated by NAc core CP-AMPARs
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Fast Food and Obesity in Children
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Pavlovian conditioning to hedonic food cues in overweight and lean individuals
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Self-citationRecording of Swallowing Events Using Electromyography as a Non-invasive Measurement of Salivation
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Nucleus accumbens melanin-concentrating hormone signaling promotes feeding in a sex-specific manner
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Neural predictors of eating behavior and dietary change
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The antagonism of ghrelin alters the appetitive response to learned cues associated with food.
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Self-citationThe Orexigenic Force of Olfactory Palatable Food Cues in Rats
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Development and Validation of the Food Cue Responsivity Scale: A Unidimensional MeasurePreprint
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Self-citationFood exposure, cravings, and physiological reactivity in normal-weight subjects
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [90]Kang Sim D, Manzano M, Strong D, Development of the Food Cue Sensitivity Questionnaire: A unidimensional measure of behavioral and cognitive cue reactivity. Under Review;
- [93]van den Akker K. Learned desires: the acquisition and extinction of appetitive responses to food cues in humans Doctoral Thesis. Maastricht University, Maastricht. 2017;
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Sorted by citations
What Is Food Noise? A Conceptual Model of Food Cue Reactivity
Hayashi, D., Edwards, C., Emond, J. A., Gilbert-Diamond, D., Butt, M., Rigby, A., & Masterson, T. D. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15224809 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kanoski, S. E., & Boutelle, K. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Boutelle, Kerri N.
- Venue
- Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
- Published
- 2022-04-28
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 683-696
- ISSN
- 1389-9155 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2606
- PMC
- PMC9307541
- OpenAlex
- W4225091009
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 167
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 1.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DK123423, DK104897, DK122504, DK111106, DK114794, DK118402)
- U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH1810220)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- food cue reactivity, obesity, overeating, Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer, rodent models, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus, ghrelin, neural circuits, obesogenic environment
- MeSH terms
- Cues, Feeding Behavior, Humans, Hyperphagia, Obesity, Weight Gain
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