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Integrating single-cell transcriptomic data across different conditions, technologies, and species
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Abstract
Computational single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) methods have been successfully applied to experiments representing a single condition, technology, or species to discover and define cellular phenotypes. However, identifying subpopulations of cells that are present across multiple data sets remains challenging. Here, we introduce an analytical strategy for integrating scRNA-seq data sets based on common sources of variation, enabling the identification of shared populations across data sets and downstream comparative analysis. We apply this approach, implemented in our R toolkit Seurat (http://satijalab.org/seurat/), to align scRNA-seq data sets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells under resting and stimulated conditions, hematopoietic progenitors sequenced using two profiling technologies, and pancreatic cell 'atlases' generated from human and mouse islets. In each case, we learn distinct or transitional cell states jointly across data sets, while boosting statistical power through integrated analysis. Our approach facilitates general comparisons of scRNA-seq data sets, potentially deepening our understanding of how distinct cell states respond to perturbation, disease, and evolution.
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“identified five methods commonly in use: the default Seurat [19] FindMarkers() function based on the Wilcoxon test (Seurat-Wilcox), MIMOSCA [1], a t-test on the library-size-normalized expressions [10], MAST [20], and a Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test on the library-size-normalized expressions [21]”
From Robust differential expression testing for single-cell CRISPR screens at low multiplicity of infection (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Batch effects were corrected with the FindIntegrationAnchor() and the IntegrateData() function in the reciprocal PCA approach of the Seurat workflow.”
From TBX3 is dynamically expressed in pancreatic organogenesis and fine-tunes regeneration (2023) · cites this paper as [77]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Canonical correlation analysis (Butler et al., 2018) demonstrated that tumor KCs broadly recapitulated the normal (basal, cycling, and differentiating) subpopulations, with several shared marker genes across normal skin and cSCC”
From Multimodal Analysis of Composition and Spatial Architecture in Human Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2020) · cites this paper as Butler et al., 2018
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In the citing paper
“the hdWGCNA R package extends the data structures and functionality of the widely used Seurat package,5,6,7”
From hdWGCNA identifies co-expression networks in high-dimensional transcriptomics data (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To maximize usability among the genomics community, the hdWGCNA R package extends the data structures and functionality of the widely used Seurat package,5,6,7 and we developed an extensive documentation website for hdWGCNA demonstrating its use on new datasets.”
From hdWGCNA identifies co-expression networks in high-dimensional transcriptomics data (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
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In the citing paper
“Upregulation of CEBPB and CEBPD ( Fig. 1e left, Supplementary Fig. 2d, Supplementary Table 3 ), implicated in emergency granulopoiesis 30 and granulopoiesis under cellular stress 31 respectively, suggested a differentiation state into the granulocytic lineage.”
From Type 1 interferon perturbates clonal competition by reshaping human blood development (2026) · cites this paper as [31]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Of note, all samples were processed simultaneously in the same experiment and thus sample origin was not regressed out (Butler et al., 2018).”
From Genome-wide CRISPR Screens in Primary Human T Cells Reveal Key Regulators of Immune Function (2018) · cites this paper as Butler et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“The feature deviation matrix including unperturbed and CRISPR knockout cells was first processed using Seruat 2.0.1 (Butler et al., 2018) to regress out plate andexperiment batch effects.”
From Coupled Single-Cell CRISPR Screening and Epigenomic Profiling Reveals Causal Gene Regulatory Networks (2019) · cites this paper as Butler et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Of note, all samples were processed simultaneously in the same experiment and thus sample origin was not regressed out (Butler et al., 2018).”
From Pooled Knockin Targeting for Genome Engineering of Cellular Immunotherapies (2020) · cites this paper as Butler et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Increasingly sophisticated experimental approaches have allowed discovery of significant diversity and functional heterogeneity within the fibroblast population during organ fibrosis22–25 .”
From Fibrosis: from mechanisms to medicines (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Many unsupervised scRNA-seq clustering methods have been proposed2–4, which are followed by time-consuming and labor-costly annotations5.”
From Transformer for one stop interpretable cell type annotation (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“the most widely used data alignment approaches (Butler et al., 2018; Haghverdi et al., 2018; Johnson et al., 2007; Risso et al., 2014) implicitly assume that the differences between datasets arise entirely from technical variation and attempt to eliminate them, or map datasets into a completely shared latent space using dimensions of maximum correlation (Butler et al., 2018).”
From Single-Cell Multi-omic Integration Compares and Contrasts Features of Brain Cell Identity (2019) · cites this paper as Butler et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“For the PBMC and pancreas datasets, we reproduced the analyses as described by Butler et al. and subsequent Seurat tutorials (Butler et al., 2018).”
From Single-Cell Multi-omic Integration Compares and Contrasts Features of Brain Cell Identity (2019) · cites this paper as Butler et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“To remove any potential batch effect between saline and cocaine samples, we run the CCA analysis17.”
From Cell type-specific transcriptional programs in mouse prefrontal cortex during adolescence and addiction (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“We thus first used canonical correlation analysis (CCA)17 to find a projection space that maximize the correlation between the two samples so that batch effect can be removed.”
From Cell type-specific transcriptional programs in mouse prefrontal cortex during adolescence and addiction (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Popular platforms such as Seurat (Butler et al, 2018), Scater (McCarthy et al, 2017), or Scanpy (Wolf et al, 2018) provide integrated environments to develop pipelines and contain large analysis toolboxes. However, out of necessity these platforms limit themselves to tools developed in their respective programming languages.”
From Current best practices in single-cell RNA-seq analysis: a tutorial (2019) · cites this paper as Butler et al, 2018
In the citing paper
“There is currently no consensus on whether or not to perform normalization over genes.”
From Current best practices in single-cell RNA-seq analysis: a tutorial (2019) · cites this paper as Butler et al, 2018
In the citing paper
“While the popular Seurat tutorials (Butler et al, 2018) generally apply gene scaling, the authors of the Slingshot method opt against scaling over genes in their tutorial (Street et al, 2018).”
From Current best practices in single-cell RNA-seq analysis: a tutorial (2019) · cites this paper as Butler et al, 2018
In the citing paper
“Data integration methods such as Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA; Butler et al, 2018), Mutual Nearest Neighbours (MNN; Haghverdi et al, 2018), Scanorama (preprint: Hie et al, 2018), RISC (preprint: Liu et al, 2018), scGen (preprint: Lotfollahi et al, 2018), LIGER (preprint: Welch et al, 2018), BBKNN (preprint: Park et al, 2018), and Harmony (preprint: Korsunsky et al, 2018) have been developed”
From Current best practices in single-cell RNA-seq analysis: a tutorial (2019) · cites this paper as Butler et al, 2018
In the citing paper
“Currently available platforms exist on the command line in R (McCarthy et al, 2017; Butler et al, 2018) or Python (Wolf et al, 2018), and as local applications (Patel, 2018; preprint: Scholz et al, 2018) or Web servers (Gardeux et al, 2017; Zhu et al, 2017) with graphical user interfaces (GUIs).”
From Current best practices in single-cell RNA-seq analysis: a tutorial (2019) · cites this paper as Butler et al, 2018
In the citing paper
“Among command line platforms, Scater (McCarthy et al, 2017) and Seurat (Butler et al, 2018) easily interface with the large variety of analysis tools available via the R Bioconductor project (Huber et al, 2015).”
From Current best practices in single-cell RNA-seq analysis: a tutorial (2019) · cites this paper as Butler et al, 2018
In the citing paper
“It appears that aging-driven down-regulation of ribosomal genes had been widely accepted, mostly based on transcriptomic studies in yeast 56,57 .”
From Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of the aging mouse brain (2019) · cites this paper as [56]
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Ag-driven CD8+ T cell clonal expansion is a prominent feature of MASH in humans and mice
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Ma, Y., Guo, C., Wang, X., Wei, X., & Ma, J. (2023) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-023-02804-z · Cited by 29
Single-Cell RNA Sequencing for Studying Human Cancers
Aran, D. (2023) · Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-020722-091857 · Cited by 31
Thurman, A. L., Ratcliff, J. A., Chimenti, M. S., & Pezzulo, A. A. (2021) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btab337 · Cited by 27
Barry, T., Mason, K., Roeder, K., & Katsevich, E. (2024) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-024-03254-2 · Cited by 28
Spatial transcriptome sequencing of FFPE tissues at cellular level
Liu, Y., Enninful, A., Deng, Y., & Fan, R. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.338475 · Cited by 26
Venugopal, G., Bird, J. T., Washam, C. L., Roys, H., Bowlin, A., Byrum, S. D., & Weinkopff, T. (2022) · PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010518 · Cited by 26
Ji, T., Zhang, L., Deng, M., Huang, S., Wang, Y., Pham, T. T., Smith, A. A., Sridhar, V., Cabernard, C., Wang, J., et al. (2019) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.040147 · Cited by 25
Balakumar, A., Das, D., Datta, A., Mishra, A., Bryak, G., Ganesh, S. M., Netea, M. G., Kumar, V., Lionakis, M. S., Arora, D., et al. (2024) · PLOS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1012699 · Cited by 25
Using blood transcriptome analysis for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and patient stratification
Zhong, H., Zhou, X., Uhm, H., Jiang, Y., Cao, H., Chen, Y., Mak, T. T. W., Lo, R. M. N., Wong, B. W. Y., Cheng, E. Y. L., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13691 · Cited by 25
Unravelling the Shared Genetic Mechanisms Underlying 18 Autoimmune Diseases Using a Systems Approach
Gokuladhas, S., Schierding, W., Golovina, E., Fadason, T., & O’Sullivan, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.693142 · Cited by 25
Hachey, S. J., Hatch, C. J., Gaebler, D., Mocherla, A., Nee, K., Kessenbrock, K., & Hughes, C. C. W. (2024) · Breast Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13058-023-01760-y · Cited by 24
Dysfunctional purinergic signaling correlates with disease severity in COVID-19 patients
Pietrobon, A. J., Andrejew, R., Custódio, R. W. A., Oliveira, L. D. M., Scholl, J. N., Teixeira, F. M. E., de Brito, C. A., Glaser, T., Kazmierski, J., Goffinet, C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012027 · Cited by 23
The Nr4a family regulates intrahepatic Treg proliferation and liver fibrosis in MASLD models
Aki, D., Hayakawa, T., Srirat, T., Shichino, S., Ito, M., Saitoh, S.-I., Mise-Omata, S., & Yoshimura, A. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci175305 · Cited by 22
Lotfollahi, M., Wolf, F. A., & Theis, F. J. (2018) · doi:10.1101/478503 · Cited by 21
T–B cell cooperation in ectopic lymphoid follicles propagates CNS autoimmunity
Kolz, A., de la Rosa, C., Syma, I. J., McGrath, S., Kavaka, V., Schmitz, R., Thomann, A. S., Kerschensteiner, M., Beltran, E., Kawakami, N., et al. (2025) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.adn2784 · Cited by 20
Xi, C., Yan, Z., Bai, D., Zhang, Y., Wang, B., Han, X., Wu, L., Shi, X., Hu, Z., Tang, M., et al. (2024) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1093/procel/pwae006 · Cited by 18
Chen, Z., Ye, L., Zhu, M., Xia, C., Fan, J., Chen, H., Li, Z., & Mou, S. (2024) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-024-05118-1 · Cited by 17
Genomic Insights into the Population History and Adaptive Traits of Latin American Criollo Cattle
Ward, J. A., Ng'ang'a, S. I., Randhawa, I. A. S., McHugo, G. P., O'Grady, J. F., Flórez, J. M., Browne, J. A., Pérez O’Brien, A. M., Landaeta-Hernández, A. J., Garcia, J. F., et al. (2024) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.231388 · Cited by 17
Lyu, T., Liu, Y., Li, B., Xu, R., Guo, J., & Zhu, D. (2023) · Biology Direct · doi:10.1186/s13062-023-00390-w · Cited by 18
Inhibiting USP16 rescues stem cell aging and memory in an Alzheimer’s model
Reinitz, F., Chen, E. Y., Nicolis di Robilant, B., Chuluun, B., Antony, J., Jones, R. C., Gubbi, N., Lee, K., Ho, W. H. D., Kolluru, S. S., et al. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.66037 · Cited by 18
Fernandez, B., Passanisi, V. J., Ashraf, H. M., & Spencer, S. L. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-66836-z · Cited by 18
Primary cilia-mediated regulation of microglial secretion in Alzheimer’s disease
Yeo, S., Jang, J., Jung, H. J., Lee, H., & Choe, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2023.1250335 · Cited by 18
Mikkilineni, L., Natrakul, D. A., Lam, N., Manasanch, E. E., Mann, J., Weissler, K. A., Wong, N., Brudno, J. N., Goff, S. L., Yang, J. C., et al. (2024) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.12.018 · Cited by 16
Tanimoto, Y., Kakinuma, H., Aoki, R., Shiraki, T., Higashijima, S.-I., & Okamoto, H. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113916 · Cited by 16
Helios represses megakaryocyte priming in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells
Cova, G., Taroni, C., Deau, M.-C., Cai, Q., Mittelheisser, V., Philipps, M., Jung, M., Cerciat, M., Le Gras, S., Thibault-Carpentier, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20202317 · Cited by 17
Bi, X.-P., 深圳518083,中国, 深., BGI-Shenzhen, S., Zhang, G.-J., 650223,中国, 中. 昆., 650223,中国, 中. 昆., Villum Center for Biodiversity Genomics, S. F. E. A. E., Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, C. A. O. S., State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, K. I. O. Z., & Villum Center for Biodiversity Genomics, S. F. E. A. E. (2021) · Zoological Research · doi:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2021.066 · Cited by 15
Targeting the Immune-Fibrosis Axis in Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure
Amrute, J. M., Luo, X., Penna, V., Bredemeyer, A., Yamawaki, T., Heo, G. S., Shi, S., Koenig, A., Yang, S., Kadyrov, F., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512579 · Cited by 14
Frank, A. K., Chung, B. K., De Novales, M. L. L., Engesæter, L. K., Hoyle, H. W., Øgaard, J., Heslop, J., Karlsen, T. H., Tysoe, O., Brevini, T., et al. (2024) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-024-08570-y · Cited by 14
Cell diversity and plasticity during atrioventricular heart valve EMTs
Lotto, J., Cullum, R., Drissler, S., Arostegui, M., Garside, V. C., Fuglerud, B. M., Clement-Ranney, M., Thakur, A., Underhill, T. M., & Hoodless, P. A. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41279-6 · Cited by 13
“PCA was done using the RunPCA function in Seurat 85 .”
MethodInfluentialMulti-modal quantification of pathway activity with MAYA
Landais, Y., & Vallot, C. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37410-2 · Cited by 9
“To quantify the inter-patient overlap between clusters of similar cell types, we computed the Shannon Diversity Index (SDI) for both methods as well as for clusters obtained with the reference integration tool Harmony 42 and an integration method based on Canonical Correlation Analysis 43 (CCA) (Supplementary Fig.”
MethodInfluentialXi, Y., Zhao, Z., Zhou, Y., Yin, C., Li, Y., Xu, X., Jin, W., Lin, C., Zhao, K., Kuang, J., et al. (2026) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102529 · Cited by 12
Jung, S., Singh, K., & del Sol, A. (2021) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbaa283 · Cited by 9
Multi-omic analyses in immune cell development with lessons learned from T cell development
Cordes, M., Pike-Overzet, K., Van Den Akker, E. B., Staal, F. J. T., & Canté-Barrett, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2023.1163529 · Cited by 9
Philtjens, S., Turnbull, M. T., Thedy, B. P., Moon, Y., & Kim, J. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.064881 · Cited by 7
“Subsequent data analysis was performed using the R (v.3.5.2) package Seurat v.3.0.2 (Butler et al., 2018; Stuart et al., 2019).”
MethodInfluentialThe RNA exosome maintains cellular RNA homeostasis by controlling transcript abundance in the brain
Higginson, L. A., Wang, X., He, K., Torstrick, M., Kim, M., Wijeratne, H. R. S., Runnebohm, A. M., Benayoun, B. A., MacLean, A., Chanfreau, G. F., et al. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116729 · Cited by 7
Defining Cardiac Recovery at Single Cell Resolution
Amrute, J. M., Lai, L., Ma, P., Koenig, A. L., Kamimoto, K., Bredemeyer, A., Shankar, T. S., Kuppe, C., Kadyrov, F. F., Schulte, L. J., et al. (2022) · doi:10.1101/2022.09.11.507463 · Cited by 6
Huang, X., Liu, Y., Wang, Q., Rehman, H. M., Horváth, D., Zhou, S., Fu, R., Zhang, L., Szöllősi, A. G., & Li, Z. (2023) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-023-03181-x · Cited by 6
RetractedTBX3 is dynamically expressed in pancreatic organogenesis and fine-tunes regeneration
Melzer, M. K., Schirge, S., Gout, J., Arnold, F., Srinivasan, D., Burtscher, I., Allgöwer, C., Mulaw, M., Zengerling, F., Günes, C., et al. (2023) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-023-01553-x · Cited by 5
Computational challenges of cell cycle analysis using single cell transcriptomics
Chervov, A., & Zinovyev, A. (2022) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2208.05229 · Cited by 4
“, Seurat [5], Scanpy [6]) to analyse the cell cycle dynamics and are there better alternatives? The brief analysis of the Seurat/Scanpy features related to cell cycle can be found in section 4.”
BackgroundESRP2–microRNA-122 axis promotes the postnatal onset of liver polyploidization and maturation
Bangru, S., Chen, J., Baker, N., Das, D., Chembazhi, U. V., Derham, J. M., Chorghade, S., Arif, W., Alencastro, F., Duncan, A. W., et al. (2025) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.352129.124 · Cited by 4
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SINGLE CELL ANALYSIS, WHAT IS IN THE FUTURE?
Garmire, L. X., Yuan, G.-C., Fan, R., Yeo, G. W., & Quackenbush, J. (2018) · Biocomputing 2019 · doi:10.1142/9789813279827_0030 · Cited by 2
Kadyrov, F. F., Koenig, A. L., Amrute, J. M., Dun, H., Li, W., Weinheimer, C. J., Nigro, J. M., Kovacs, A., Bredemeyer, A. L., Lai, L., et al. (2022) · doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502542 · Cited by 3
Type 1 interferon perturbates clonal competition by reshaping human blood development
Lama, C., Isakov, D., Rosenberg, S., Quijada-Álamo, M., Saurty-Seerunghen, M. S., Moein, S., Nozais, M., Abera, T.-A., Sakaguchi, O., Totwani, M., et al. (2026) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-026-02751-3 · Cited by 3
Self-citationIdentifying determinants of synaptic specificity by integrating connectomes and transcriptomes
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Immunosuppression and phenotypic plasticity in an atlas of human hepatocholangiocarcinoma
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TBX3 advances the developmental chromatin landscape toward the hepatic fate
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Metadata
- Authors
- Butler, A., Hoffman, P., Smibert, P., Papalexi, E., & Satija, R.
- Affiliations
- New York Genome Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Satija, Rahul
- Venue
- Nature Biotechnology
- Published
- 2018-04-02
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 411-420
- ISSN
- 0733-222X (ISSN-L)
- 1087-0156
- 1546-1696
- PMC
- PMC6700744
- OpenAlex
- W2794480084
- Cited by
- 13,174
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1297 · 2025: 1838 · 2024: 2118 · 2023: 1918 · 2022: 1783 · 2021: 1824 · 2020: 1416 · 2019: 760 · 2018: 205
- FWCI
- 381.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1342536)
- National Institutes of Health (1dp2hg009623-01)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (DP2-HG-009623)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene expression and cancer classification
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Keywords
- Seurat, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells, pancreatic islets, cell state transitions, statistical power
- MeSH terms
- Data Analysis, Animals, Humans, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Software, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Gene Expression Profiling, Computers, Molecular, Mice, Single-Cell Analysis, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Transcriptome
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