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Functional organization of the transcriptome in human brain
Open accessAbstract
The enormous complexity of the human brain ultimately derives from a finite set of molecular instructions encoded in the human genome. These instructions can be directly studied by exploring the organization of the brain's transcriptome through systematic analysis of gene coexpression relationships. We analyzed gene coexpression relationships in microarray data generated from specific human brain regions and identified modules of coexpressed genes that correspond to neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia. These modules provide an initial description of the transcriptional programs that distinguish the major cell classes of the human brain and indicate that cell type-specific information can be obtained from whole brain tissue without isolating homogeneous populations of cells. Other modules corresponded to additional cell types, organelles, synaptic function, gender differences and the subventricular neurogenic niche. We found that subventricular zone astrocytes, which are thought to function as neural stem cells in adults, have a distinct gene expression pattern relative to protoplasmic astrocytes. Our findings provide a new foundation for neurogenetic inquiries by revealing a robust and previously unrecognized organization to the human brain transcriptome.
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“The hubs of M12, i.e. the genes with the highest rank of M12 membership 8 , were A2BP1, APBA2, SCAMP5, CNTNAP1, KLC2, CHRM1 (Supplementary Data).”
From Transcriptomic Analysis of Autistic Brain Reveals Convergent Molecular Pathology (2011) · cites this paper as [8]
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In the citing paper
“The control brain network showed high similarity with the previously described human brain co-expression networks (Supplementary Table 7), consistent with the existence of robust modules of co-expressed genes related to specific cell types and biological functions 8 .”
From Transcriptomic Analysis of Autistic Brain Reveals Convergent Molecular Pathology (2011) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“and high overlap with two neuronal modules previously identified as part of the human brain transcriptional network 8 : a PVALB+ interneuron module and a module of genes involved in synaptic function.”
From Transcriptomic Analysis of Autistic Brain Reveals Convergent Molecular Pathology (2011) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“showed significant similarity to two modules identified in previous studies of normal human brain 8 : an astrocyte module and a microglial module.”
From Transcriptomic Analysis of Autistic Brain Reveals Convergent Molecular Pathology (2011) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“showed significant similarity to two modules identified in previous studies of normal human brain 8 : an astrocyte module and a microglial module.”
From Transcriptomic Analysis of Autistic Brain Reveals Convergent Molecular Pathology (2011) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“and high overlap with two neuronal modules previously identified as part of the human brain transcriptional network 8 : a PVALB+ interneuron module and a module of genes involved in synaptic function.”
From Transcriptomic Analysis of Autistic Brain Reveals Convergent Molecular Pathology (2011) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Thus, gene products that are involved in an unknown cell type or biological process can be annotated on the basis of their proximity to marker genes of known function (‘guilt by association’)26,33,34.”
From Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“A major advantage of network analysis over DGE analysis is that it can identify multiple levels of molecular organization within the hierarchy of brain region, cell type, organelle and molecular pathways using only transcriptional data, and can thus enable integration with other information, such as known pathway annotations, protein interactions and other molecular profiling data11,12,26,27”
From Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Network approaches are particularly useful for relating whole-tissue-level changes to data from these high-resolution experiments11–13,26 (FIG. 2a).”
From Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“For example, when evaluating co-expression across brain regions, hubs in modules that are associated with specific regions, such as the cerebellum, are usually markers for predominant cell types, such as granule cells11,12,26,32.”
From Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Given that the human brain transcriptome has a reproducible structure12,26”
From Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Several modules identify genes with enriched expression in neurons (M1–M2), based on overlap with neural-cell-type-enriched gene sets identified in previous studies18”
From An anatomically comprehensive atlas of the adult human brain transcriptome (2012) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Applied to the entire 911 sample set from Brain 1, genes were grouped into well-defined co-expression modules with specific anatomical distributions (Fig. 3a, b), consistent with previous studies in brain tissues18, 19.”
From An anatomically comprehensive atlas of the adult human brain transcriptome (2012) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“This method can identify gene expression patterns related to specific cell types such as neurons and glia from heterogeneous samples such as whole human cortex18, due to the highly distinct transcriptional profiles of these cell types and variation in their relative proportions across samples.”
From An anatomically comprehensive atlas of the adult human brain transcriptome (2012) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Consistent with prior studies of the brain transcriptome15,47–50, we find gene co-expression to be organized into modules of distinct cellular and functional categories (Supplementary data file 7).”
From Gene expression elucidates functional impact of polygenic risk for schizophrenia (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
In the citing paper
“Consistent with prior studies of the brain transcriptome15,47–50, we find gene co-expression to be organized into modules of distinct cellular and functional categories (Supplementary data file 7).”
From Gene expression elucidates functional impact of polygenic risk for schizophrenia (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
In the citing paper
“Protein co-expression analysis is a powerful tool to understand biological network, pathway, and cell type changes in human tissue3,4.”
In the citing paper
“Although the anatomical sampling in this study was not cell type-specific, some of these networks appear to represent co-expression in broad cell classes such as telencephalic neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and vasculature, as observed previously3, 5.”
From Canonical genetic signatures of the adult human brain (2015) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Systems-based approaches such as weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) can be used to analyze biochemical and cellular changes in brain, and are useful to help capture the complexity of perturbations in biological networks that are related to disease [2–4].”
From Deep proteomic network analysis of Alzheimer’s disease brain reveals alterations in RNA binding proteins and RNA splicing associated with disease (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Transcriptomes from complex tissues, such as human brain, may be organized into networks of co-expressed genes that better reflect the biological functions and organization of the tissue7–14.”
From Analysis of whole genome-transcriptomic organization in brain to identify genes associated with alcoholism (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
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Self-citationWhen is hub gene selection better than standard meta-analysis?
Langfelder, P., Mischel, P. S., & Horvath, S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061505 · Cited by 313
“unsigned networks depends on the application; both signed [27,84] and unsigned [6,22,24] weighted gene networks have been successfully used in gene expression analysis.”
Self-citationStrategies for aggregating gene expression data: The collapseRows R function
Miller, J. A., Cai, C., Langfelder, P., Geschwind, D. H., Kurian, S. M., Salomon, D. R., & Horvath, S. (2011) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-12-322 · Cited by 307
“For example, in the case of transcriptional networks, genes showing positive correlation are more likely than uncorrelated or negatively correlated genes to have known protein-protein interactions [2-4].”
BackgroundSelf-citationNetwork Organization of the Huntingtin Proteomic Interactome in Mammalian Brain
Shirasaki, D. I., Greiner, E. R., Al-Ramahi, I., Gray, M., Boontheung, P., Geschwind, D. H., Botas, J., Coppola, G., Horvath, S., Loo, J. A., et al. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.024 · Cited by 297
Self-citationGaiteri, C., Ding, Y., French, B., Tseng, G. C., & Sibille, E. (2014) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12106 · Cited by 289
“This may create cell-type specific modules associated with oligodendrocytes, microglia and several classes of neurons (Hawrylycz et al. 2012; Oldham et al. 2008), as coexpression links within these modules are often driven by the covariance of cell-type markers.”
BackgroundXu, X., Wells, A., O’Brien, D. R., Nehorai, A., & Dougherty, J. D. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4488-13.2014 · Cited by 276
“For human expression data, there are other methods, notably weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), that have been used to identify what might be the signatures of particular cell types (Langfelder and Horvath, 2008; Oldham et al., 2008).”
MethodMason, M. J., Fan, G., Plath, K., Zhou, Q., & Horvath, S. (2009) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-327 · Cited by 243
“Gene co-expression network methods have been successfully applied in a variety of different settings [18,19,21,22,24-32].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationGenes and pathways underlying regional and cell type changes in Alzheimer’s disease
Miller, J. A., Woltjer, R. L., Goodenbour, J. M., Horvath, S., & Geschwind, D. H. (2013) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/gm452 · Cited by 275
“For computational reasons, initial module formation was performed only on the approximately 15,000 genes with the highest overall connectivity, as previously described [14].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationBroad transcriptomic dysregulation occurs across the cerebral cortex in ASD
Gandal, M. J., Haney, J. R., Wamsley, B., Yap, C. X., Parhami, S., Emani, P. S., Chang, N., Chen, G. T., Hoftman, G. D., de Alba, D., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05377-7 · Cited by 283
Self-citationHuman-Specific Transcriptional Networks in the Brain
Konopka, G., Friedrich, T., Davis‐Turak, J., Winden, K. D., Oldham, M. C., Gao, F., Chen, L., Wang, G.-Z., Luo, R., Preuss, T. M., et al. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.034 · Cited by 268
“We apply WGCNA, which permits in silico dissection of whole tissue into cell-level expression patterns (Oldham et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationLu, L., Yin, S., Liu, X., Zhang, W., Gu, T., Shen, Q., & Qiu, H. (2013) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.05.025 · Cited by 269
Ecker, J. R., Geschwind, D. H., Kriegstein, A. R., Ngai, J., Osten, P., Polioudakis, D., Regev, A., Šestan, N., Wickersham, I. R., & Zeng, H. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.10.007 · Cited by 258
“…cell classes by brain region, cortical cell layers or developmental stages (Abrahams et al., 2007; Arlotta et al., 2005; Belgard et al., 2011; Bernard et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2005; Doyle et al., 2008; Fertuzinhos et al., 2014; Hawrylycz et al., 2012; Oldham et al., 2008; Sugino et al., 2006).”
Self-citationAccelerating axonal growth promotes motor recovery after peripheral nerve injury in mice
Ma, C. H. E., Omura, T., Cobos, E. J., Latrémolière, A., Ghasemlou, N., Brenner, G. J., van Veen, J. E., Barrett, L. B., Sawada, T., Gao, F., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci58675 · Cited by 263
“A WGCNA was performed as described previously (25, 64).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationWöhr, M., Orduz, D., Gregory, P., Moreno, H., Khan, U., Vörckel, K. J., Wolfer, D. P., Welzl, H., Gall, D., Schiffmann, S. N., et al. (2015) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.19 · Cited by 258
“7) strongly overlaps with the PVALB+ interneuron module 9 and most transcripts, including PVALB and DLX1 , are downregulated in ASD brains, these two genes and/or gene products were proposed as ASD-related candidates.”
Cho, S.-H., Chen, J. A., Sayed, F., Ward, M. E., Gao, F., Nguyen, T. A., Krabbe, G., Sohn, P. D., Lo, I., Minami, S., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2939-14.2015 · Cited by 275
“Network analysis was performed as described previously (Oldham et al., 2008), using the WGCNA package in R. Briefly, correlation coefficients were constructed between expression levels of genes, and a connectivity measure (topological overlap; TO) was calculated for each gene by summing the…”
MethodMolyneaux, B. J., Goff, L. A., Brettler, A. C., Chen, H.-H., Brown, J. R., Hrvatin, S., Rinn, J. L., & Arlotta, P. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.024 · Cited by 257
Multiple chronic pain states are associated with a common amino acid–changing allele in KCNS1
Costigan, M., Belfer, I., Griffin, R. S., Dai, F., Barrett, L. B., Coppola, G., Wu, T., Kiselycznyk, C., Poddar, M., Lu, Y., et al. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq195 · Cited by 254
“2) (Oldham et al., 2006, 2008).”
MethodSelf-citationRamos, A. D., Diaz, A. A., Nellore, A., Delgado, R. N., Park, K.-Y., Gonzales-Roybal, G., Oldham, M. C., Song, J. S., & Lim, D. A. (2013) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2013.03.003 · Cited by 246
“For mRNAs, module membership distinguishes sets of genes that correspond to specific cell types and biological processes (Oldham et al., 2008), and a similar ‘‘guilt-by-association’’ approach has been used to assign putative functions to lncRNAs based on their coexpression with protein-coding genes…”
BackgroundSelf-citationFormaldehyde in brain: an overlooked player in neurodegeneration?
Tulpule, K., & Dringen, R. (2013) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.12356 · Cited by 241
A Quantitative Framework to Evaluate Modeling of Cortical Development by Neural Stem Cells
Stein, J. L., de la Torre-Ubieta, L., Tian, Y., Parikshak, N. N., Hernández, I. A., Marchetto, M. C., Baker, D. K., Lu, D., Hinman, C. R., Lowe, J. K., et al. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.035 · Cited by 201
Self-citationJohnson, E. C. B., Dammer, E. B., Duong, D. M., Yin, L., Thambisetty, M., Troncoso, J. C., Lah, J. J., Levey, A. I., & Seyfried, N. T. (2018) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-018-0282-4 · Cited by 225
Koenning, M., Jackson, S., Hay, C. M., Faux, C. H., Kilpatrick, T. J., Willingham, M. M., & Emery, B. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1069-12.2012 · Cited by 231
“…have not yet been formally established, it is known that the human ortholog C11Orf9 is enriched in myelin-rich regions of the human brain (Oldham et al., 2008), downregulated in human fetuses with a lethal motor neuron/oligodendrocyte disease (Pakkasjarvi et al., 2005), and upregulated…”
BackgroundTranscriptional Architecture of the Primate Neocortex
Bernard, A., Lubbers, L. S., Tanis, K. Q., Luo, R., Podtelezhnikov, A. A., Finney, E. M., McWhorter, M. M. E., Serikawa, K., Lemon, T., Morgan, R., et al. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.002 · Cited by 224
“The Module Eigengene (ME), defined as the first principle component of a given module, was used to represent the characteristic anatomical expression pattern of individual modules (Oldham et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationRBFOX1 regulates both splicing and transcriptional networks in human neuronal development
Fogel, B. L., Wexler, E., Wahnich, A., Friedrich, T., Vijayendran, C., Gao, F., Parikshak, N., Konopka, G., & Geschwind, D. H. (2012) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/dds240 · Cited by 216
“related to RBFOX1 function, we assessed the module eigengene relationship with RBFOX1 knockdown status (47).”
MethodSelf-citationIdentification of differentially expressed microRNAs across the developing human brain
Ziats, M. N., & Rennert, O. M. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2013.93 · Cited by 214
“neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders (1).”
Neuroscience in the era of functional genomics and systems biology
Geschwind, D. H., & Konopka, G. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08537 · Cited by 213
Self-citationA Molecular Signature of Depression in the Amygdala
Sibille, E. L., Wang, Y., Joeyen-Waldorf, J., Gaiteri, C., Surget, A., Oh, S., Belzung, C., Tseng, G. C., & Lewis, D. A. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121760 · Cited by 216
““Log2(WM/GM)” indicates relative glial (high LogR, bottom rows) to neuronal (low LogR, top rows) enrichment of gene transcript (see Method section and reference 23), consistent with other large-scale categorization of cellular origin approaches (32).”
Romero-García, R., Whitaker, K. J., Váša, F., Seidlitz, J., Shinn, M., Fonagy, P., Dolan, R. J., Jones, P. B., Goodyer, I. M., Bullmore, E. T., et al. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.060 · Cited by 191
“In humans, the grouping of genes according to their co-expression pattern also reveals a modular structure that distinguishes the major cell classes of the underlying brain tissue (Oldham et al. 2009; Eising et al. 2016).”
BackgroundA single-nuclei RNA sequencing study of Mendelian and sporadic AD in the human brain
Del-Aguila, J. L., Li, Z., Dube, U., Mihindukulasuriya, K. A., Budde, J. P., Fernandez, M. V., Ibanez, L., Bradley, J., Wang, F., Bergmann, K., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-019-0524-x · Cited by 183
Kelley, K. W., Nakao-Inoue, H., Molofsky, A. V., & Oldham, M. C. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0216-z · Cited by 198
Self-citationInsights into TREM2 biology by network analysis of human brain gene expression data
Forabosco, P., Ramasamy, A., Trabzuni, D., Walker, R., Smith, C., Bras, J., Levine, A. P., Hardy, J., Pocock, J. M., Guerreiro, R., et al. (2013) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.001 · Cited by 180
“This procedure allows the identification of modules of densely interconnected, coexpressed genes (Oldham et al., 2006; Ravasz and Barabasi, 2003; Zhang and Horvath, 2005), and has been shown to be placing functionally related genes into groups (Eisen et al., 1998).”
InfluentialGenome-wide, integrative analysis implicates microRNA dysregulation in autism spectrum disorder
Wu, Y. E., Parikshak, N. N., Belgard, T. G., & Geschwind, D. H. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4373 · Cited by 195
Self-citationIwamoto, K., Bundo, M., Ueda, J., Oldham, M. C., Ukai, W., Hashimoto, E., Saito, T., Geschwind, D. H., & Kato, T. (2011) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.112755.110 · Cited by 189
“Average correlation between each module eigengene (Oldham et al. 2008) and the expression levels of genes associated with neuronal MR (NeuN+), non-neuronal MR (NeuN ), and all brain-expressed genes (all probes).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAutism genetics: searching for specificity and convergence
Berg, J. M., & Geschwind, D. H. (2012) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2012-13-7-247 · Cited by 192
“The top autism associated WGCNA network, enriched for ASDasso ciated GWAS targets, showed high overlap with a previously identified interneuronrelated module [143].”
BackgroundSelf-citationKrienen, F. M., Yeo, B. T. T., Ge, T., Buckner, R. L., & Sherwood, C. C. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1510903113 · Cited by 190
Wei, Y. B., Melas, P. A., Wegener, G., Mathe, A. A., & Lavebratt, C. (2015) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyu032 · Cited by 186
“The latter concept in drug design is also supported by findings showing that many genes are part of co-expression networks, meaning that their expression covaries (Oldham et al., 2008).”
BackgroundUnderwood, T., Hayden, A. L., Derouet, M. F., Garcia, E., Noble, F., White, M. J., Thirdborough, S., Mead, A., Clemons, N. J., Mellone, M., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.4467 · Cited by 187
“Data acquisition and processing for network analysis Weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) [34,35] was applied to microarray datasets generated on Affymetrix HG-U133A GeneChips from two independent studies (for full details of this analysis, see supplementary material, Supplementary materials and methods).”
MethodInfluentialSaris, C. G. J., Horvath, S., van Vught, P. W. J., van Es, M. A., Blauw, H. M., Fuller, T. F., Langfelder, P., DeYoung, J. A., Wokke, J. H. J., Veldink, J. H., et al. (2009) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-405 · Cited by 181
“Module membership measures allow one to annotate all genes on the array and to screen for disease related intramodular hub genes [44,47,48].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLuo, R., Sanders, S. J., Tian, Y., Voineagu, I., Huang, N., Chu, S. H., Klei, L., Cai, C., Ou, J., Lowe, J. K., et al. (2012) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.05.011 · Cited by 167
“each array and compared to the resulting distribution of IACs for the dataset.(25) Samples with an average IAC < 2 standard deviations (SDs) below the mean IAC for the dataset were removed.”
MethodSelf-citationOldham, M. C., Langfelder, P., & Horvath, S. (2012) · BMC Systems Biology · doi:10.1186/1752-0509-6-63 · Cited by 154
“We have previously shown that the transcriptome of normal human CN is organized into modules of coexpressed genes, many of which relate to specific cell types and functional processes [21].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBiesemann, C., Grønborg, M., Luquet, E., Wichert, S. P., Bernard, V., Bungers, S. R., Cooper, B., Varoqueaux, F., Li, L., Byrne, J. A., et al. (2014) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/embj.201386120 · Cited by 156
“In line with our findings, Tpd52 mRNA and protein were detected in the brain and in neurons (Chew et al, 2008; Oldham et al, 2008), and yeast two-hybrid assays identified Tpd52 protein family members as binding partners of MAL2 (Wilson et al, 2001), a specific component of VGLUT1-containing SVs…”
ResultThe Role of Transposable Elements in Health and Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Reilly, M. T., Faulkner, G. J., Dubnau, J., Ponomarev, I., & Gage, F. H. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3369-13.2013 · Cited by 175
“An alternative is to take a systems genomics approach, focusing on the regulation of the transcriptome as a whole, including both coding and noncoding regions (Oldham et al., 2008; Ward and Kellis, 2012).”
BackgroundZheng, R., Li, M., Liang, Z., Wu, F., Pan, Y. F., & Wang, J. (2019) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btz139 · Cited by 168
Radial glia require PDGFD-PDGFRβ signalling in human but not mouse neocortex
Lui, J. H., Nowakowski, T. J., Pollen, A. A., Javaherian, A., Kriegstein, A. R., & Oldham, M. C. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13973 · Cited by 166
Self-citationZhang, Q., Ma, C., Gearing, M., Wang, P. G., Chin, L.-S., & Li, L. (2018) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-018-0524-2 · Cited by 165
“biologically meaningful modules of co-expressed genes [45, 62, 92].”
Kadosh, K. C., Muhardi, L., Parikh, P., Basso, M., Mohamed, H. J. J., Prawitasari, T., Samuel, F. O., Ma, G., & Geurts, J. M. W. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010199 · Cited by 206
Gene Networks and microRNAs Implicated in Aggressive Prostate Cancer
Wang, L., Tang, H., Thayanithy, V., Subramanian, S., Oberg, A. L., Cunningham, J. M., Cerhan, J. R., Steer, C. J., & Thibodeau, S. N. (2009) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2183 · Cited by 163
Nowick, K., Gernat, T., Almaas, E., & Stubbs, L. J. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0911376106 · Cited by 161
“Several recent studies of gene coexpression networks have used a wTO measure, based on pairwise correlations of all expressed genes as input for clustering algorithms, to identify gene modules of interest (26, 27).”
MethodUmoh, M. E., Dammer, E. B., Dai, J., Duong, D. M., Lah, J. J., Levey, A. I., Gearing, M., Glass, J. D., & Seyfried, N. T. (2017) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.201708202 · Cited by 159
“…were enriched for microglial and astrocytic proteins (M2, M10, M6, M5, and M13), while others were enriched for neuronal proteins (M1 and M8), or oligodendrocyte-specific proteins (M12 and M4) (Fig 3B), consistent with previous studies (Oldham et al, 2008; Miller et al, 2013; Seyfried et al, 2017).”
Two gene co-expression modules differentiate psychotics and controls
Chen, C., Cheng, L., Grennan, K., Pibiri, F., Zhang, C., Badner, J. A., Members of the Bipolar Disorder Genome Study (BiGS) Consortium, Gershon, E. S., & Liu, C. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.146 · Cited by 157
Zhou, X., Huang, X., Liang, S., Tang, S., Wu, S., Huang, T., Mo, Z., & Wang, Q. (2018) · OncoTargets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/ott.s163891 · Cited by 154
“Genes with highly co-expressed relationships are grouped into the same module; thus, the genes in the same module may have similar functions or possibly share common biological regulatory roles.(12) The most central genes within a module are identified as hub genes, suggesting their important roles in the module.”
Kozlenkov, A., Roussos, P., Timashpolsky, A., Barbu, M., Rudchenko, S., Bibikova, M. V., Klotzle, B., Byne, W. M., Lyddon, R., Narzo, A. F. D., et al. (2013) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkt838 · Cited by 159
“WGCNA resulted in well-defined gene co-expression modules (N=77) with specific anatomical distributions, consistent with previous studies in the brain tissues (64,68) (Table 2).”
BackgroundResultFetit, R., Hillary, R. F., Price, D. J., & Lawrie, S. M. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.014 · Cited by 148
Biogeographic patterns of microbial co-occurrence ecological networks in six American forests
Tu, Q., Yan, Q., Deng, Y., Michaletz, S. T., Buzzard, V., Weiser, M. D., Waide, R. B., Ning, D., Wu, L., He, Z., et al. (2020) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107897 · Cited by 148
Metadata
- Authors
- Oldham, M. C., Konopka, G., Iwamoto, K., Langfelder, P., Kato, T., Horvath, S., & Geschwind, D. H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Oldham, Michael C
- Geschwind, Daniel H
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2008-10-12
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1271-1282
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- PMC
- PMC2756411
- OpenAlex
- W2081837126
- Cited by
- 752
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 13.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R37MH060233)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene expression and cancer classification
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks
- Keywords
- human brain transcriptome, gene co-expression, gene co-expression modules, cell type-specific gene expression, neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, neural stem cells, synaptic function, gender differences, neurogenesis, transcriptional programs
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Caudate Nucleus, Cerebellum, Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Neuroglia, Neurons, Gene Expression, Gene Expression Profiling, Databases, Genetic, Microarray Analysis, Gene Regulatory Networks
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