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Cited by 519Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanismsGenetics and Neurodevelopmental DisordersDevelopmental Biology and Gene Regulation

Cortical Evolution: Judge the Brain by Its Cover

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Geschwind, Daniel H., Rakic, Pasko·2013·Neuron
DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.045PMC PMC3922239
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Abstract

To understand the emergence of human higher cognition, we must understand its biological substrate--the cerebral cortex, which considers itself the crowning achievement of evolution. Here, we describe how advances in developmental neurobiology, coupled with those in genetics, including adaptive protein evolution via gene duplications and the emergence of novel regulatory elements, can provide insights into the evolutionary mechanisms culminating in the human cerebrum. Given that the massive expansion of the cortical surface and elaboration of its connections in humans originates from developmental events, understanding the genetic regulation of cell number, neuronal migration to proper layers, columns, and regions, and ultimately their differentiation into specific phenotypes, is critical. The pre- and postnatal environment also interacts with the cellular substrate to yield a basic network that is refined via selection and elimination of synaptic connections, a process that is prolonged in humans. This knowledge provides essential insight into the pathogenesis of human-specific neuropsychiatric disorders.

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  • The underlying biological mechanisms that lead to altered formation of the cortex in individuals with Down syndrome may not be reflected in existing mouse models owing to differences in neurodevelopment across species.

    “Moreover, the underlying biological mechanisms that lead to altered formation of the cortex in individuals with DS may not be reflected in the mouse models that do exist, owing to differences in neurodevelopment across species23–27.”

    From Consequences of trisomy 21 for brain development in Down syndrome (2024) · cites this paper as [27]

    The sections on neoteny and human cortical lamination describe differences in cortical development and gene-expression patterns across species, including humans and mice. The paper does not address Down syndrome or establish that existing Down syndrome mouse models fail to reflect the mechanisms of altered cortical formation. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The mechanisms underlying the assembly of human neurons into complex neural circuits remain poorly understood.

    “those underlying the assembly of human neurons into complex neural circuits remain poorly understood”

    From Xenotransplanted human cortical neurons reveal species-specific development and functional integration into mouse visual circuits (2019) · cites this paper as Geschwind and Rakic, 2013

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Geschwind, D. H., & Rakic, P.
Affiliations
  • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
  • Yale University (US)
Corresponding author
  • Geschwind, Daniel H.
  • Rakic, Pasko
ORCID
Venue
Neuron
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2013-10
Volume
80
Issue
3
Pages
633-647
ISSN
0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.045
PMC
PMC3922239
OpenAlex
W1972968697
Cited by
519
References
41
Citations by year
2026: 33 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 1
FWCI
4.06
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Neuron (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative
  • National Institutes of Health (5r01mh094714-04)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH094714, R01MH100027, R37MH060233)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA023999, R37DA023999)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS014841)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50HD055784)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
Keywords
cerebral cortex evolution, cortical expansion, gene duplication, adaptive protein evolution, regulatory elements, neuronal migration, cortical lamination, neuronal differentiation, synaptic pruning, postnatal development, neuropsychiatric disorders
MeSH terms
Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Cognition, Biological Evolution, Humans, Neurons

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