Acute phenylalanine/tyrosine depletion reduces motivation to smoke cigarettes across stages of addiction
Open accessAbstract
The neurobiology of tobacco use is poorly understood, possibly in part because the relevant mechanisms might differ depending on past nicotine exposure and degree of addiction. In the present study we investigated whether these factors might affect the role of dopamine (DA). Using the acute phenylalanine/tyrosine depletion method (APTD), DA synthesis was transiently decreased in three groups of abstinent smokers (n=47): (1) early low-frequency smokers, who had smoked a maximum of five cigarettes per day for less than one year, (2) stable low-frequency smokers smoking at the same level as early low-frequency smokers for at least 3 years, and (3) stable high-frequency smokers, who smoked a minimum of 10 or more cigarettes per day for at least 5 years. Motivation to obtain tobacco was measured using a progressive ratio breakpoint schedule for nicotine-containing and de-nicotinized cigarettes. Compared with a nutritionally balanced control mixture, APTD decreased the self-administration of nicotine-containing cigarettes, and this occurred in all three groups of smokers. The results suggest that DA influenced the willingness to sustain effort for nicotine reward, and this was seen in participants at all three levels of cigarette addiction. In the transition from sporadic to addicted use, the role of DA in the motivation to seek drug may change less than previously proposed.
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Experimentally induced decrease in dopamine transmission reduces effort expenditure for drug rewards.
“Moreover, experimentally-induced decrease in dopamine transmission reduces effort expenditure for drug-rewards (Barrett et al., 2008; Venugopalan et al., 2011).”
From Imaging addiction: D2 receptors and dopamine signaling in the striatum as biomarkers for impulsivity (2014) · cites this paper as Venugopalan et al., 2011
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- Authors
- Venugopalan, V. V., Casey, K. F., O'Hara, C., O'Loughlin, J., Benkelfat, C., Fellows, L. K., & Leyton, M.
- Affiliations
- McGill University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Leyton, Marco
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2011-07-20
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2469-2476
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC3194074
- OpenAlex
- W2048270175
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 5.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (79919, 79911_1, DA022630)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA022630)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-82249)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Keywords
- nicotine dependence, dopamine, cigarette smoking, nicotine self-administration, nicotine reward, smoking frequency
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Motivation, Phenylalanine, Smoking, Time Factors, Tyrosine, Smoking Cessation, Behavior, Addictive, Young Adult
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