Reward without dopamine
Open accessAbstract
Dopamine (DA) is believed to play a fundamental role in reward processes. Virtually all drugs of abuse activate dopaminergic systems, as do “natural” rewards such as sexual interaction and food. Sweet-tasting solutions, for example, are a well characterized natural reward. In the present experiments, we used mice that cannot make DA (DD mice) to test the hypothesis that DA is necessary for reward. Sucrose preference, assessed with a computerized “lickometer,” was used to determine whether DD mice respond preferentially for rewarding stimuli. DD mice preferentially chose sucrose over water, and also preferred the noncaloric sweetener saccharin. Furthermore, the rate of licking, bout size, and length were greater in DD mice drinking sweets than in controls. These data refute the necessity of DA for the reward processes manifested by sucrose preference. However, DD mice initiated licking less frequently than control mice and had fewer total licks. We suggest that DD mice have a deficit of goal-directed behavior that is not specific to reward processes. Lastly, juvenile DD mice demonstrate robust sucrose preference before experience with food in the presence of DA. Thus, DA is not required for mice to learn to consume sweet solutions preferentially. We conclude that DA is not required to find the sweet tastes of sucrose or saccharin rewarding.
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Mice without dopamine can consume food and water and prefer sweet solutions over plain water.
“mice without dopamine can consume food and water (Szczypka et al., 1999; 2001) and prefer sweet solutions over plain water (Cannon and Palmiter, 2003).”
From Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens–olfactory tubercle complex (2007) · cites this paper as Cannon and Palmiter, 2003
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- Authors
- Cannon, C. M., & Palmiter, R. D.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- ORCID
- Palmiter, Richard D.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2003-11-26
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 34
- Pages
- 10827-10831
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6740991
- OpenAlex
- W2165743581
- Cited by
- 280
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 5.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5 T32 NS 07332)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (T32NS007332, 5 T32 NS 07332)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- dopamine, reward, sucrose preference, saccharin preference, natural reward, goal-directed behavior, licking behavior, sweet taste, juvenile mice, drugs of abuse
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Amphetamine, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Choice Behavior, Dopamine, Feeding Behavior, Food Preferences, Motor Activity, Reward, Saccharin, Sucrose, Mice, Knockout, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, Mice
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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