Axon degeneration mechanisms: Commonality amid diversity
Abstract
A wide range of insults can trigger axon degeneration, and axons respond with diverse morphology, topology and speed. However, recent genetic, immunochemical, morphological and pharmacological investigations point to convergent degeneration mechanisms. The principal convergence points - poor axonal transport, mitochondrial dysfunction and an increase in intra-axonal calcium - have been identified by rescuing axons with the slow Wallerian degeneration gene (Wld(S)) and studies with blockers of sodium or calcium influx. By understanding how the pathways fit together, we can combine our knowledge of mechanisms, and potentially also treatment strategies, from different axonal disorders.
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Disruption of fast axonal transport results in focal swellings filled with organelles in AD transgenic models, resembling Wallerian degeneration.
“Another important factor might be the disruption of fast axonal transport, resulting in focal swellings filled with various organelles, as seen in the vicinity but also distant from plaques in several AD transgenic models [27,28,29,30], resembling Wallerian degeneration [31].”
From Neuron Loss in Alzheimer’s Disease: Translation in Transgenic Mouse Models (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
The principal mechanisms of axon degeneration are metabolic stress, disturbed axonal transport, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
“The principal mechanisms of axon degeneration are metabolic stress, disturbed axonal transport, and mitochondrial dysfunction [301].”
From Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2025) · cites this paper as [301]
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“Degeneration of continuous axons after axonal transport block in some neurodegenerative disorders is mechanistically related to Wallerian degeneration, as Wld blocks some of these too.(3,37) We tested whether FK866 and NMN also influence the Vincristine primary culture model of Wallerian-like degeneration, a pathology…”
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- Authors
- Coleman, M.
- Affiliations
- Babraham Institute (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Coleman, Michael
- ORCID
- Coleman, Michael
- Venue
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience
- Published
- 2005-10-14
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 889-898
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- OpenAlex
- W2042991032
- Cited by
- 819
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 2.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Hereditary Neurological Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Keywords
- axonal degeneration, Wallerian degeneration, axonal transport, mitochondrial dysfunction, intracellular calcium, sodium influx, calcium influx
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Axons, Axonal Transport, Central Nervous System, Humans, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Wallerian Degeneration
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