A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The availability of mobile telecommunication standards such as 4G means that pervasive continuous health monitoring is possible when the patient is outside the home environment.

“Also, the availability of mobile telecommunication standards such as 4 G means that pervasive continuous health monitoring is possible when the patient is outside the home environment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

By using batch fabrication techniques, significant reduction in the size and cost of sensors has been achieved.

“By using batch fabrication techniques, significant reduction in the size and cost of sensors has been achieved.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Parameters extracted from physiological measures can provide indicators of health status and have tremendous diagnostic value.

“Parameters extracted from such measures can provide indicators of health status and have tremendous diagnostic value.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Most monitoring applications require that data gathered using sensor networks be transmitted to a remote site such as a hospital server for clinical analysis.

“Most monitoring applications require that data gathered using sensor networks be transmitted to a remote site such as a hospital server for clinical analysis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recent developments in microelectronics have allowed researchers to develop miniature circuits entailing sensing capability, front-end amplification, microcontroller functions, and radio transmission.

“Recent developments in the field of microelectronics have allowed researchers to develop miniature circuits entailing sensing capability, front-end amplification, microcontroller functions, and radio transmission.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Communication standards for low-power wireless have been developed keeping in mind three main requirements: low cost, small size of transmitters and receivers, and low power consumption.

“These standards have been developed keeping in mind three main requirements: 1) low cost, 2) small size of the transmitters and receivers, and 3) low power consumption.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Data processing and analysis techniques are an integral part of the design and development of remote monitoring systems based on wearable technology.

“Although a discussion of the various techniques used to process and analyze wearable sensor data is outside the scope of this review paper, one cannot emphasize enough the fact that data processing and analysis techniques are an integral part of the design and development of remote monitoring systems based on wearable technology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cloud-based systems can prove especially useful for bringing health care services to rural areas.

“Cloud-based systems can prove especially useful for bringing health care services to rural areas [21].”

• cites [21] Rao GSVRK, Sundararaman K, Parthasarathi J: Dhatri - A Pervasive Cloud initiative for primary healthcare services. Intelligence in Next Generation Networks (ICIN), 2010 14th International Conference on; 11-14 Oct. 2010 2010, 1-6.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The combination of wearable and ambient sensors is of great interest in several applications in the field of rehabilitation.

“The combination of wearable and ambient sensors is of great interest in several applications in the field of rehabilitation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Health monitoring applications of wearable systems most often employ multiple sensors integrated into a sensor network either limited to body-worn sensors or integrating body-worn sensors and ambient sensors.

“Health monitoring applications of wearable systems most often employ multiple sensors that are typically integrated into a sensor network either limited to body-worn sensors or integrating body-worn sensors and ambient sensors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Recent advances in sensor technology, microelectronics, telecommunication, and data analysis techniques have enabled the development and deployment of wearable systems for patients' remote monitoring.

“Recent advances in sensor technology, microelectronics, telecommunication, and data analysis techniques have enabled the development and deployment of wearable systems for patients' remote monitoring.”

May combine two claims.

Wearable sensors have diagnostic as well as monitoring applications.

“Wearable sensors have diagnostic, as well as monitoring applications.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Advances in material science have enabled the development of e-textile based systems that integrate sensing capability into garments.

“Advances in material science have enabled the development of e-textile based systems. These are systems that integrate sensing capability into garments.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The massive amount of data gathered using wearable systems for patient status monitoring has to be managed and processed to derive clinically-relevant information.

“Finally, the massive amount of data that one can gather using wearable systems for patient's status monitoring has to be managed and processed to derive clinically-relevant information.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Wearable sensors are often combined with ambient sensors when subjects are monitored in the home environment.

“Wearable sensors are often combined with ambient sensors when subjects are monitored in the home environment as schematically shown in Figure 5.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Data analysis techniques such as signal processing, pattern recognition, data mining and other artificial intelligence-based methodologies have enabled remote monitoring applications that would have been otherwise impossible.

“Data analysis techniques such as signal processing, pattern recognition, data mining and other artificial intelligence-based methodologies have enabled remote monitoring applications that would have been otherwise impossible.”

May combine two claims.

As storage and computation become more cloud based, health monitoring systems can become low-cost, platform-independent, rapidly deployable and universally accessible.

“Also, as storage and computation becomes more and more cloud based, health monitoring systems can become low-cost, platform-independent, rapidly deployable and universally accessible [18,19].”

• cites [18] Botts N, Thoms B, Noamani A, Horan TA: Cloud computing architectures for the underserved: public health cyberinfrastructures through a network of health ATMs. System Sciences (HICSS), 2010 43rd Hawaii International Conference on;5–8Jan. 2010 2010, 1-10.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [19] Chang HH, Chou PB, Ramakrishnan S: An Ecosystem Approach for Healthcare Services Cloud. e-Business Engineering, 2009 ICEBE '09 IEEE International Conference on; 21-23 Oct. 2009 2009, 608-612.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Physiological measures of interest in rehabilitation include heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, and muscle activity.

“Physiological measures of interest in rehabilitation include heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, and muscle activity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The recently developed IEEE 802.15.4a standard based on Ultra-wide-band impulse radio opens the door for low-power, low-cost but high data rate sensor network applications with the possibility of highly accurate location estimation.

“The recently developed IEEE 802.15.4a standard based on Ultra-wide-band (UWB) impulse radio opens the door for low-power, low-cost but high data rate sensor network applications with the possibility of highly accurate location estimation [15].”

• cites [15] Zhang J, Orlik PV, Sahinoglu Z, Molisch AF, Kinney P: UWB systems for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the IEEE 2009, 97: 313-331. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

During the last decade, tremendous progress has occurred in low-power wireless communication and numerous communication standards have been developed.

“During the last decade, we have witnessed tremendous progress in this field and the development of numerous communication standards for low-power wireless communication.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Most mobile devices now include an integrated GPS tracking system, making it possible to locate patients in case of an emergency.

“In addition, most mobile devices now include an integrated GPS tracking system thus making it possible to locate patients in case of an emergency.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Smart phones are preferable to traditional data loggers because they provide a virtually ready-to-use platform to log data as well as to transmit data to a remote site.

“Smart phones are preferable to traditional data loggers because they provide a virtually “ready to use” platform to log data as well as to transmit data to a remote site.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MEMS technology has enabled the development of miniaturized inertial sensors that have been used in motor activity and other health status monitoring systems.

“MEMS technology has enabled the development of miniaturized inertial sensors that have been used in motor activity and other health status monitoring systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Researchers have relied upon advances in sensor technology, microelectronics, telecommunication, and data analysis to address shortcomings of ambulatory technologies that had previously prevented long-term monitoring of patients' status in home and community settings.

“Researchers have relied upon advances in the above-mentioned fields to address shortcomings of ambulatory technologies (e.g. Holter monitors) that had previously prevented long-term monitoring of patients' status in the home and community settings.”

May combine two claims.

Current capabilities of wearable sensors include physiological and biochemical sensing, as well as motion sensing.

“Their current capabilities include physiological and biochemical sensing, as well as motion sensing [6,7].”

• cites [6] Teng X-F, Zhang Y-T, Poon CCY, Bonato P: Wearable medical systems for p-Health. IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 2008, 1: 62-74. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [7] Bonato P: Wearable sensors and systems. From enabling technology to clinical applications. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 2010, 29: 25-36. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Ambient sensors could be used in conjunction with wearable sensors to improve the accuracy of falls detection and to enable detection of falls even at times when subjects do not wear the sensors.

“In this context, ambient sensors could be used in conjunction with wearable sensors to improve the accuracy of falls detection and, most importantly, to enable the detection of falls even at times when subjects do not wear the sensors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Monitoring applications relying on mobile phones are becoming commonplace.

“Monitoring applications relying on mobile phones such as the one shown in Figure 4 are becoming commonplace.”

May combine two claims.

Wearable sensors and remote monitoring systems have the potential to extend the reach of specialists in urban areas to rural areas and decrease disparities.

“Wearable sensors and remote monitoring systems have the potential to extend the reach of specialists in urban areas to rural areas and decrease these disparities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recently developed wearable systems integrate individual sensors into the sensor network by relying on modern wireless communication technology.

“Recently developed wearable systems integrate individual sensors into the sensor network by relying on modern wireless communication technology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Asada et al. presented a ring sensor design for measuring blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate.

“For example, Asada et al. [22] presented a ring sensor design for measuring blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate.”

• cites [22] Asada HH, Shaltis P, Reisner A, Rhee S, Hutchinson RC: Mobile monitoring with wearable photoplethysmographic biosensors. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 2003, 22: 28-40. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Self-contained lab-on-a-chip systems can revolutionize point-of-care medical testing and diagnosis by making testing and diagnosis fast, cheap and easily accessible.

“Such systems can revolutionize point-of-care medical testing and diagnosis by making testing and diagnosis fast, cheap and easily accessible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Today, movement sensors are inexpensive, small and require very little power, making them highly attractive for patient monitoring applications.

“Today, movement sensors are inexpensive, small and require very little power, making them highly attractive for patient monitoring applications.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

From a design point of view, biochemical sensors are perhaps the most complex as they often require collection, analysis and disposal of body fluids.

“From a design point of view, biochemical sensors are perhaps the most complex as they often require collection, analysis and disposal of body fluids.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Wang et al. SOC includes a generic sensor interface, ADC, microcontroller, a data encoder and a frequency-shift keying RF transmitter.

“Their SOC includes generic sensor interface, ADC, microcontroller, a data encoder and a frequency-shift keying RF transmitter.”

• cites [34] Wang L, Yang G-Z, Huang J, Zhang J, Yu L, Nie Z, Cumming DRS: A wireless biomedical signal interface system-on-chip for body sensor networks. Biomedical Circuits and Systems, IEEE Transactions on 2010, 4: 112-117. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ahn et al. developed a low-cost disposable plastic lab-on-a-chip device for biochemical detection of parameters such as blood gas concentration and glucose.

“Similarly, Ahn et al. [35] developed a low-cost disposable plastic lab-on-a-chip device for biochemical detection of parameters such as blood gas concentration and glucose.”

• cites [35] Ahn CH, Jin-Woo C, Beaucage G, Nevin JH, Jeong-Bong L, Puntambekar A, Lee JY: Disposable smart lab on a chip for point-of-care clinical diagnostics. Proceedings of the IEEE 2004, 92: 154-173. 10.1109/JPROC.2003.820548 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Further advances in signal processing techniques to mitigate motion artifacts are needed.

“Nonetheless, further advances in signal processing techniques to mitigate motion artifacts are needed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Biochemical sensors can be used to monitor the bio-chemistry as well as levels of chemical compounds in the atmosphere.

“These types of sensors can be used to monitor the bio-chemistry as well as levels of chemical compounds in the atmosphere (e.g. to facilitate monitoring people working in hazardous environments).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Biochemical sensors have recently gained a great deal of interest among researchers in the field of wearable technology.

“Biochemical sensors have recently gained a great deal of interest among researchers in the field of wearable technology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Wang et al. developed a system-on-chip (SOC), which integrates a pH and temperature sensor, for remote monitoring applications.

“Wang et al. [34] developed a system-on-chip (SOC), which integrates a pH and temperature sensor, for remote monitoring applications.”

• cites [34] Wang L, Yang G-Z, Huang J, Zhang J, Yu L, Nie Z, Cumming DRS: A wireless biomedical signal interface system-on-chip for body sensor networks. Biomedical Circuits and Systems, IEEE Transactions on 2010, 4: 112-117. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The approach of instrumented environments has the characteristic of being totally unobtrusive and of avoiding the problem of misplacing or damaging wearable devices.

“This approach has the characteristic of being totally unobtrusive and of avoiding the problem of misplacing or damaging wearable devices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The ring sensor was completely self-contained.

“The ring sensor was completely self-contained.”

• cites [22] Asada HH, Shaltis P, Reisner A, Rhee S, Hutchinson RC: Mobile monitoring with wearable photoplethysmographic biosensors. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 2003, 22: 28-40. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A comparative analysis of different wearable systems for monitoring respiratory function was presented by Lanata et al.

“A comparative analysis of different wearable systems for monitoring respiratory function was presented by Lanata et al. [29].”

• cites [29] Lanata A, Scilingo EP, Nardini E, Loriga G, Paradiso R, De-Rossi D: Comparative evaluation of susceptibility to motion artifact in different wearable systems for monitoring respiratory rate. Information Technology in Biomedicine, IEEE Transactions on 2010, 14: 378-386. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The mean arterial blood pressure was derived from the PPG sensor output amplitude by taking into account the height of the sensor relative to the heart.

“The mean arterial blood pressure was derived from the PPG sensor output amplitude by taking into account the height of the sensor relative to the heart.”

• cites [23] Shaltis PA, Reisner A, Asada HH: Wearable, cuff-less PPG-based blood pressure monitor with novel height sensor. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2006, 1: 908-911. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

An ear-worn, flexible, low-power PPG sensor for heart rate monitoring was introduced by Patterson et al.

“An ear-worn, flexible, low-power PPG sensor for heart rate monitoring was introduced by Patterson et al. [26].”

• cites [26] Patterson JAC, McIlwraith DG, Guang-Zhong Y: A Flexible, Low Noise Reflective PPG Sensor Platform for Ear-Worn Heart Rate Monitoring. Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, 2009 BSN 2009 Sixth International Workshop on;3–5June 2009 2009, 286-291. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Some problems due to motion artifacts could be minimized by integrating sensors into tight fitting garments.

“Some of the problems due to motion artifacts could be minimized by integrating sensors into tight fitting garments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In recent years, physiological monitoring has benefited significantly from developments in flexible circuits and the integration of sensing technology into wearable items.

“In recent years, physiological monitoring has benefited significantly from developments in the field of flexible circuits and the integration of sensing technology into wearable items [25].”

• cites [25] Barbaro M, Caboni A, Cosseddu P, Mattana G, Bonfiglio A: Active devices based on organic semiconductors for wearable applications. Information Technology in Biomedicine, IEEE Transactions on 2010, 14: 758-766. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Dudde et al. device has integrated Bluetooth communication capability for displaying and logging data and receiving commands from a personal digital assistant (PDA) device.

“The device has integrated Bluetooth communication capability for displaying and logging data and receiving commands from a personal digital assistant (PDA) device.”

• cites [30] Dudde R, Thomas V, Piechotta G, Hintsche R: Computer-aided continuous drug infusion: setup and test of a mobile closed-loop system for the continuous automated infusion of insulin. Information Technology in Biomedicine, IEEE Transactions on 2006, 10: 395-402. 10.1109/TITB.2006.864477 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The glucose monitor consists of a novel silicon sensor that continuously measures glucose levels using a microperfusion technique.

“The glucose monitor consists of a novel silicon sensor that continuously measures glucose levels using a microperfusion technique and continuous infusion of insulin is achieved by a modified advanced insulin pump.”

• cites [30] Dudde R, Thomas V, Piechotta G, Hintsche R: Computer-aided continuous drug infusion: setup and test of a mobile closed-loop system for the continuous automated infusion of insulin. Information Technology in Biomedicine, IEEE Transactions on 2006, 10: 395-402. 10.1109/TITB.2006.864477 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Often, magnetometers are used in conjunction with inertial sensors to improve motion tracking.

“Often, magnetometers are used in conjunction with them to improve motion tracking.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Continuous infusion of insulin in the Dudde et al. system is achieved by a modified advanced insulin pump.

“The glucose monitor consists of a novel silicon sensor that continuously measures glucose levels using a microperfusion technique and continuous infusion of insulin is achieved by a modified advanced insulin pump.”

• cites [30] Dudde R, Thomas V, Piechotta G, Hintsche R: Computer-aided continuous drug infusion: setup and test of a mobile closed-loop system for the continuous automated infusion of insulin. Information Technology in Biomedicine, IEEE Transactions on 2006, 10: 395-402. 10.1109/TITB.2006.864477 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Until recently, continuous monitoring of physiological parameters was possible only in the hospital setting.

“Until recently, continuous monitoring of physiological parameters was possible only in the hospital setting.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The authors also presented an algorithm for the detection of apneas based on the acoustic sensing technology.

“The authors also presented an algorithm for the detection of apneas based on the above-described sensing technology.”

• cites [24] Corbishley P, Rodriguez-Villegas E: Breathing detection: towards a miniaturized, wearable, battery-operated monitoring system. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2008, 55: 196-204. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although systems of this type have shown promising results, additional work appears necessary to achieve motion artifact reduction.

“Although systems of this type have shown promising results, additional work appears to be necessary to achieve motion artifact reduction [27,28].”

• cites [27] Yong-Sheng Y, Yuan-Ting Z: An efficient motion-resistant method for wearable pulse oximeter. Information Technology in Biomedicine, IEEE Transactions on 2008, 12: 399-405. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [28] Wood LB, Asada HH: Low Variance Adaptive Filter for Cancelling Motion Artifact in Wearable Photoplethysmogram Sensor Signals. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2007 EMBS 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE; 22-26 Aug. 2007 2007, 652-655.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Ahn et al. biochip contains an integrated biosensor array for detecting multiple parameters and uses a passive microfluidic manipulation system instead of active microfluidic pumps.

“The biochip contains an integrated biosensor array for detecting multiple parameters and uses a passive microfluidic manipulation system instead of active microfluidic pumps.”

• cites [35] Ahn CH, Jin-Woo C, Beaucage G, Nevin JH, Jeong-Bong L, Puntambekar A, Lee JY: Disposable smart lab on a chip for point-of-care clinical diagnostics. Proceedings of the IEEE 2004, 92: 154-173. 10.1109/JPROC.2003.820548 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Examples of instrumented environments include sensors and motion detectors on doors that detect opening of a medicine cabinet, refrigerator, or home front door.

“Examples of instrumented environments include sensors and motion detectors on doors that detect opening of, for instance, a medicine cabinet, refrigerator, or the home front door [37].”

• cites [37] Kang HG, Mahoney DF, Hoenig H, Hirth VA, Bonato P, Hajjar I, Lipsitz LA: In situ monitoring of health in older adults: technologies and issues. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010, 58: 1579-1586. 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02959.x sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Today, with developments in wearable technology, the possibility of accurate, continuous, real-time monitoring of physiological signals is a reality.

“But today, with developments in the field of wearable technology, the possibility of accurate, continuous, real-time monitoring of physiological signals is a reality.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Proper attenuation of motion artifacts is essential to the deployment of wearable sensors.

“Proper attenuation of motion artifacts is essential to the deployment of wearable sensors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There has been a growing interest in the development of self contained lab-on-a-chip systems.

“There has been a growing interest in the development of self contained lab-on-a-chip systems.”

May combine two claims.

The ProeTEX system can warn firefighters of a potentially dangerous environment and also provide information about their well being to the control center.

“The ProeTEX system can warn the firefighters of a potentially dangerous environment and also provide information about their well being to the control center.”

• cites [33] Curone D, Secco EL, Tognetti A, Loriga G, Dudnik G, Risatti M, Whyte R, Bonfiglio A, Magenes G: Smart garments for emergency operators: the ProeTEX project. Information Technology in Biomedicine, IEEE Transactions on 2010, 14: 694-701. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Advances in wearable biochemical sensors have been slow, but research has recently picked up pace due to the development of micro and nano fabrication technologies.

“Advances in the field of wearable biochemical sensors has been slow, but research has recently picked up pace due to the development of micro and nano fabrication technologies [12].”

• cites [12] Brand O: Microsensor integration into systems-on-chip. Proceedings of the IEEE 2006, 94: 1160-1176. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The BIOTEX project deals with the integration of bio-chemical sensors into textiles for monitoring body fluids.

“Specifically, the BIOTEX project deals with the integration of bio-chemical sensors into textiles for monitoring body fluids.”

May combine two claims.

Sposaro et al's iWander system was shown to improve functional independence among dementia patients while decreasing the stress put on caregivers.

“The system was shown to improve functional independence among dementia patients while decreasing the stress put on caregivers.”

• cites [86] Sposaro F, Danielson J, Tyson G: iWander: an Android application for dementia patients. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2010, 2010: 3875-3878.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The ProeTEX project resulted in the development of a new generation of smart garments to monitor emergency-disaster personnel, enabling detection of health status parameters and environmental variables such as external temperature, presence of toxic gases, and heat flux passing through the garments.

“The project resulted into the development of a new generation of smart garments to monitor emergency-disaster personnel (see Figure 6). These garments enable the detection of health status parameters of the users and environmental variables such as external temperature, presence of toxic gases, and heat flux passing through the garments.”

• cites [33] Curone D, Secco EL, Tognetti A, Loriga G, Dudnik G, Risatti M, Whyte R, Bonfiglio A, Magenes G: Smart garments for emergency operators: the ProeTEX project. Information Technology in Biomedicine, IEEE Transactions on 2010, 14: 694-701. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [93] Magenes G, Curone D, Caldani L, Secco EL: Fire fighters and rescuers monitoring through wearable sensors: The ProeTEX project. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2010, 3594-3597.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Aziz et al used wearable sensors to monitor the recovery of patients after abdominal surgery.

“Aziz et al [52] used wearable sensors to monitor the recovery of patients after abdominal surgery.”

• cites [52] Aziz O, Atallah L, Lo B, Elhelw M, Wang L, Yang GZ, Darzi A: A pervasive body sensor network for measuring postoperative recovery at home. Surg Innov 2007, 14: 83-90. 10.1177/1553350607302326 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A relevant application in rehabilitation relates to the identification of a patient's patterns of activity and providing suggestions concerning specific behaviors and exercises for self-management of health conditions.

“A relevant application in the field of rehabilitation relates to the identification of a patient's patterns of activity and on providing suggestions concerning specific behaviors and exercises for self-management of health conditions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The combination of wearable and ambient sensors is being explored and prototypes are being developed.

“The combination of wearable and ambient sensors is being explored and prototypes are being developed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In this context, information gathered using wearable sensors is augmented by information gathered using ambient sensors.

“In this context, information gathered using wearable sensors is augmented by information gathered using ambient sensors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Data collected using body-worn accelerometers could be augmented by motion sensors distributed throughout the home environment to determine the type and intensity of the activities performed by an individual.

“Data collected using, for instance, body-worn accelerometers could be augmented by motion sensors distributed throughout the home environment to determine the type and intensity of the activities performed by an individual.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Stroke Rehabilitation Exerciser coaches the patient through a sequence of exercises for motor retraining, records the patient's movements with a wireless inertial sensor system, analyzes deviations from a personal movement target, and provides feedback to the patient and therapist.

“The Stroke Rehab Exerciser coaches the patient through a sequence of exercises for motor retraining, which are prescribed by the physiotherapist and uploaded to a patient unit. A wireless inertial sensor system records the patient's movements, analyzes the data for deviations from a personal movement target and provides feedback to the patient and the therapist.”

• cites [96] Lanfermann G, te Vrugt J, Timmermans A, Bongers E, Lambert N, van Acht V: Philips stroke rehabilitation exerciser. In Technical Aids for Rehabilitation-TAR 2007: January 25-26, 2007 2007. Technical Aids for Rehabilitation-TAR 2007-Technical University of Berlin; 2007.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Bachlin et al developed a system to detect freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease and provide a rhythmic auditory signal to stimulate the patient to resume walking when a freezing episode is detected.

“Bachlin et al [84] developed a system to detect freezing of gait (FOG), a commonly found gait symptom in Parkinson's disease that is highly related to falls. The system was designed to provide subjects with a rhythmic auditory signal aimed to stimulate the patient to resume walking when a FOG episode is detected.”

• cites [84] Bachlin M, Plotnik M, Roggen D, Maidan I, Hausdorff JM, Giladi N, Troster G: Wearable assistant for Parkinson's disease patients with the freezing of gait symptom. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 2009, 14: 436-446. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

LifeGuard has undergone testing in hostile environments with good results.

“The system has undergone testing in hostile environments with good results.”

• cites [60] Mundt CW, Montgomery KN, Udoh UE, Barker VN, Thonier GC, Tellier AM, Ricks RD, Darling RB, Cagle YD, Cabrol NA, et al.: A multiparameter wearable physiologic monitoring system for space and terrestrial applications. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 2005, 9: 382-391. 10.1109/TITB.2005.854509 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Smith and Bagley collected tri-axial accelerometer data and digital video recordings for over 50 hours from 35 children with cerebral palsy and 51 control subjects to develop algorithms for automatic real-time processing to monitor activity and detect falls.

“They collected tri-axial accelerometer data and digital video recordings for over 50 hours from 35 children with cerebral palsy and 51 control subjects. The dataset was used to develop algorithms for automatic real-time processing of the accelerometer signals to monitor a child's level of activity and to detect falls [85].”

• cites [85] Smith WD, Bagley A: A miniature, wearable activity/fall monitor to assess the efficacy of mobility therapy for children with cerebral palsy during everyday living. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2010, 2010: 5030-5033.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Sazonov et al developed an in-shoe pressure and acceleration sensor system that was used to classify sitting, standing, and walking and could detect whether subjects were simultaneously performing arm reaching movements.

“Sazonov et al [50] developed an in-shoe pressure and acceleration sensor system that was used to classify activities including sitting, standing, and walking with the ability of detecting whether subjects were simultaneously performing arm reaching movements.”

• cites [50] Sazonov ES, Fulk G, Sazonova N, Schuckers S: Automatic recognition of postures and activities in stroke patients. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2009, 2009: 2200-2203.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

An intelligent system may issue a reminder to switch off devices and/or lights in an apartment or not to forget the pill box or the mobile terminal needed to inform friends or neighbors when necessary.

“An intelligent system may issue a reminder to switch off devices and/or lights in an apartment or not to forget the pill box or the mobile terminal needed to inform friends or neighbors when necessary.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The main aim of such smart home projects is to explore the use of ambient and/or wearable sensing technology to monitor the well-being of individuals in the home environment.

“The main aim of such projects is to explore the use of ambient and/or wearable sensing technology to monitor the well-being of individuals in the home environment.”

• cites [42] TRIL Centre[http://www.trilcentre.org]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [43] TigerPlace[http://eldertech.missouri.edu/overview.htm]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [44] ORCATECH[http://www.orcatech.org/]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Remote monitoring of patient status and self-management of chronic conditions represent the most often pursued applications of AAL technologies.

“Remote monitoring of patient status and self-management of chronic conditions represent the most often pursued applications of AAL technologies.”

May combine two claims.

Wearable technology has been used to monitor physical activities in obese individuals and to facilitate clinical interventions based on encouraging an active and healthy lifestyle.

“For example, wearable technology has been used to monitor physical activities in obese individuals and to facilitate the implementation of clinical interventions based on encouraging an active and healthy lifestyle [53-56].”

• cites [53] Amft O, Troster G: Recognition of dietary activity events using on-body sensors. Artif Intell Med 2008, 42: 121-136. 10.1016/j.artmed.2007.11.007 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [54] Amft O, Kusserow M, Troster G: Bite weight prediction from acoustic recognition of chewing. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2009, 56: 1663-1672. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [55] Benedetti MG, Di Gioia A, Conti L, Berti L, Esposti LD, Tarrini G, Melchionda N, Giannini S: Physical activity monitoring in obese people in the real life environment. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2009, 6: 47. 10.1186/1743-0003-6-47 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [56] Sazonov ES, Schuckers SA, Lopez-Meyer P, Makeyev O, Melanson EL, Neuman MR, Hill JO: Toward objective monitoring of ingestive behavior in free-living population. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009, 17: 1971-1975. 10.1038/oby.2009.153 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Dalton et al used a Nokia N810 and the SHIMMER platform of wearable sensors to detect seizure events.

“Dalton et al [91] used a Nokia N810 and the SHIMMER platform of wearable sensors to detect seizure events.”

• cites [91] Dalton A, Patel S, Roy AC, Welsh M, Pang T, Schachter S, Olaighin G, Bonato P: Detecting epileptic seizures using wearable sensor technologies. Book Detecting epileptic seizures using wearable sensor technologies 2010, 73-74. (Editor ed.^eds.). CityNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

An individual undergoing monitoring who suffers from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease could receive feedback about not overexerting himself/herself and the performance of rehabilitation exercises prescribed to maintain a satisfactory functional level.

“Accordingly, an individual undergoing monitoring who suffers from, for instance, chronic obtrusive pulmonary disease could receive feedback about not overexerting himself/herself and the performance of rehabilitation exercises that would be prescribed in order to maintain a satisfactory functional level.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The AMON wrist-worn device was developed to monitor high risk patients with cardio-respiratory problems.

“The device was developed to monitor high risk patients with cardio-respiratory problems [61].”

• cites [61] Anliker U, Ward JA, Lukowicz P, Troster G, Dolveck F, Baer M, Keita F, Schenker EB, Catarsi F, Coluccini L, et al.: AMON: a wearable multiparameter medical monitoring and alert system. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 2004, 8: 415-427. 10.1109/TITB.2004.837888 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Sensors embedded in electrical devices and in doors and windows may be integrated into an easy-to-use house-control system that also provides improved personal safety and security.

“Sensors embedded in electrical devices and in doors and windows may be integrated into an easy-to-use house-control system that also provides improved personal safety and security [41].”

• cites [41] Arnrich B, Mayora O, Bardram J: Pervasive or ubiquitous healthcare? Methods Inf Med 2010, 49: 65-66. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

AlarmNet collects and analyzes various data streams to monitor a resident's overall wellness, known medical conditions, activities of daily living, and emergency situations.

“It collects and analyzes various data streams to monitor a resident's overall wellness, known medical conditions, activities of daily living, and emergency situations.”

• cites [92] Wood A, Stankovic J, Virone G, Selavo L, He Z, Cao Q, Doan T, Wu Y, Fang L, Stoleru R: Context-aware wireless sensor networks for assisted-living and residential monitoring. IEEE Network 2008, 22: 26-33. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Remote monitoring of potential sources of danger increases the individual sense of security and can make life much easier and more comfortable.

“Remote monitoring of potential sources of danger increases the individual sense of security and can make life much easier and more comfortable (e. g. checking whether the stove or the coffee machine has been switched off and to be able to turn them off remotely if necessary).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is important that monitoring, if performed periodically, be performed over periods of time sufficient to avoid observing transitory effects introduced by the fact that the subject is aware of being monitored.

“This observation suggests that it is important that monitoring, if performed periodically, be performed over periods of time sufficient to avoid observing transitory effects introduced by the fact that the subject is aware of being monitored.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

When monitoring has been performed in the home, researchers and clinicians have integrated ambient sensors in the remote monitoring systems.

“Besides, when monitoring has been performed in the home, researchers and clinicians have integrated ambient sensors in the remote monitoring systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Hecht et al presented an algorithm for minute-by-minute analysis of patients' activity level based on data recorded using a single unit, and the system was tested in 22 patients monitored over 14 days.

“Hecht et al [115] presented an algorithm for a minute-by-minute analysis of patients' activity level, based on data recorded using a single unit. The system was tested in 22 patients who were monitored over a period of 14 days.”

• cites [115] Hecht A, Ma S, Porszasz J, Casaburi R: Methodology for using long-term accelerometry monitoring to describe daily activity patterns in COPD. COPD 2009, 6: 121-129. 10.1080/15412550902755044 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Recent studies have focused on the application of wearable technology toward monitoring health and wellness.

“recent studies have been focused on the application of such technology toward monitoring health and wellness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hecht et al implemented a simple empirically-developed algorithm to determine if the subject was wearing the device, providing a handle on compliance.

“The authors also implemented a simple empirically-developed algorithm to determine if the subject was wearing the device thus providing a handle on compliance.”

• cites [115] Hecht A, Ma S, Porszasz J, Casaburi R: Methodology for using long-term accelerometry monitoring to describe daily activity patterns in COPD. COPD 2009, 6: 121-129. 10.1080/15412550902755044 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There has been a growing interest in establishing a telepresence in the home setting to implement clinical interventions.

“We have also witnessed a growing interest for the emerging need for establishing a telepresence in the home setting to implement clinical interventions.”

May combine two claims.

Although not accurate at step counting, the multi-sensor system outperformed step counters in estimating energy expenditure at slow walking speeds.

“Although not accurate at step counting, the multi-sensor system outperformed the step counters in estimating energy expenditure at slow walking speeds.”

• cites [116] Furlanetto KC, Bisca GW, Oldemberg N, Sant'anna TJ, Morakami FK, Camillo CA, Cavalheri V, Hernandes NA, Probst VS, Ramos EM, et al.: Step counting and energy expenditure estimation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and healthy elderly: accuracy of 2 motion sensors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010, 91: 261-267. 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.10.024 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [117] Patel SA, Benzo RP, Slivka WA, Sciurba FC: Activity monitoring and energy expenditure in COPD patients: a validation study. COPD 2007, 4: 107-112. 10.1080/15412550701246658 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Remote monitoring systems can play an important role in early detection of trends in patients' health status that point towards an exacerbation event.

“Remote monitoring systems can play an important role in early detection of trends in patients' health status that point towards an exacerbation event.”

May combine two claims.

Atallah et al developed an ear-worn sensor that can monitor activities and levels of exertion in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and machine learning algorithms identified several types of physical activities and their intensity from a single ear-worn sensor.

“Atallah et al. [112] have developed an ear worn sensor that can be used to monitor activities and levels of exertion in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Using sophisticated machine learning algorithms, the authors were able to identify several different types of physical activities and the intensity of those activities from a single ear worn sensor.”

• cites [112] Atallah L, Zhang J, Lo BPL, Shrikrishna D, Kelly JL, Jackson A, Polkey MI, Yang G-Z, Hopkinson NS: Validation of an ear worn sensor for activity monitoring in COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010, 181: A1211.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Early detection and treatment of exacerbations are important goals to prevent worsening of clinical status and the need for emergency room care or hospital admission.

“Early detection and treatment of exacerbations are important goals to prevent worsening of clinical status and the need for emergency room care or hospital admission.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The interest of researchers and clinicians in pursuing applications of wearable sensors and systems has caused a shift in the field of wearable technology from the development of sensors to the design of systems.

“The interest of researchers and clinicians for pursuing applications of wearable sensors and systems has caused a shift in the field of wearable technology from the development of sensors to the design of systems.”