CD4+ T cell help in cancer immunology and immunotherapy
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy aims to promote the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) within a tumour, assist the priming of tumour-specific CTLs in lymphoid organs and establish efficient and durable antitumour immunity. During priming, help signals are relayed from CD4+ T cells to CD8+ T cells by specific dendritic cells to optimize the magnitude and quality of the CTL response. In this Review, we highlight the cellular dynamics and membrane receptors that mediate CD4+ T cell help and the molecular mechanisms of the enhanced antitumour activity of CTLs. We outline how deficient CD4+ T cell help reduces the response of CTLs and how maximizing CD4+ T cell help can improve outcomes in cancer immunotherapy strategies.
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CD4+ T cells impact cancer immunology.
“In addition, CD4+ T cells impact cancer immunology (30), M1 macrophages suppress tumors, and M2 macrophages aid tumor growth (31).”
From A multimodal and fully automated system for prediction of pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [30]
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CD27 Agonism Plus PD-1 Blockade Recapitulates CD4+ T-cell Help in Therapeutic Anticancer Vaccination
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Cutting Edge: CD4+ T Cell-Derived IL-2 Is Essential for Help-Dependent Primary CD8+ T Cell Responses
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Cutting Edge: A Crucial Role for B7-CD28 in Transmitting T Help from APC to CTL
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The evolving tumor microenvironment: From cancer initiation to metastatic outgrowth
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cDC1 prime and are licensed by CD4(+) T cells to induce anti-tumour immunity
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“In addition, CD4 + T cells impact cancer immunology ( 30 ), M1 macrophages suppress tumors, and M2 macrophages aid tumor growth ( 31 ).”
Learning from the nexus of autoimmunity and cancer
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Efferocytosis in dendritic cells: an overlooked immunoregulatory process
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- Authors
- Borst, J., Ahrends, T., Bąbała, N., Melief, C. J. M., & Kastenmüller, W.
- Affiliations
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NL)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Borst, Jannie
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Immunology
- Published
- 2018-07-29
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 635-647
- ISSN
- 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1741
- OpenAlex
- W2884754721
- Cited by
- 1,585
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 123 · 2025: 175 · 2024: 262 · 2023: 266 · 2022: 292 · 2021: 216 · 2020: 169 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 11.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Keywords
- CD4+ T cell help, CD8+ T cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, cancer immunotherapy, dendritic cells, lymph nodes, antitumor immunity, CD4+ T cell deficiency
- MeSH terms
- Dendritic Cells, Humans, Immunotherapy, Lymphocyte Activation, Neoplasms, T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic, Signal Transduction, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Cytokines
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