Understanding the tumor microenvironment for effective immunotherapy
Open accessAbstract
Advances in immunotherapy have led to durable and long‐term benefits in a subset of patients across a number of solid tumor types. Understanding of the subsets of patients that respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors at the cellular level, and in the context of their tumor microenvironment (TME) is becoming increasingly important. The TME is composed of a heterogeneous milieu of tumor and immune cells. The immune landscape of the TME can inhibit or promote tumor initiation and progression; thus, a deeper understanding of tumor immunity is necessary to develop immunotherapeutic strategies. Recent developments have focused on characterizing the TME immune contexture (type, density, and function) to discover mechanisms and biomarkers that may predict treatment outcomes. This has, in part, been powered by advancements in spatial characterization technologies. In this review article, we address the role of specific immune cells within the TME at various stages of tumor progression and how the immune contexture determinants affecting tumor growth are used therapeutically.
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Interactions among the various components of the TME play a key role in influencing immunotherapy responses.
“Interactions among the various components of the TME play a key role in influencing immunotherapy responses49.”
From Predicting the tumor microenvironment composition and immunotherapy response in non-small cell lung cancer from digital histopathology images (2024) · cites this paper as [49]
Tumor cells take advantage of the CTLA-4/PD-1 inhibitory effect to induce T-cell tolerance and exhaustion.
“Interestingly, tumor cells take advantage of this inhibitory effect in order to induce T-cell tolerance and exhaustion [86].”
From Current and Future Trends of Colorectal Cancer Treatment: Exploring Advances in Immunotherapy (2024) · cites this paper as [86]
CTLA-4 and PD-1 have a synergistic inhibitory effect on the T cell immune response.
“T cell receptors Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and Programmed Cell Death 1 (PD-1) have a synergistic inhibitory effect on the T cell immune response.”
From Current and Future Trends of Colorectal Cancer Treatment: Exploring Advances in Immunotherapy (2024) · cites this paper as [86]
Biomarkers such as TMB, PD-L1 expression, microbiome, hypoxia, interferon-γ, and ECM are related to immunotherapy outcomes and can predict responses to ICIs.
“Tumour mutational burden (TMB), PDL-1 expression, microbiome, hypoxia, interferon-γ, extracellular matrix (ECM) and molecular and cellular characterization within the tumour microenvironment (TME) are all related to immunotherapy outcomes [2].”
From Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
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- Authors
- Sadeghi Rad, H., Monkman, J., Warkiani, M. E., Ladwa, R., O'Byrne, K., Rezaei, N., & Kulasinghe, A.
- Affiliations
- School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Translational Research Institute (AU)
- University of Technology Sydney (AU)
- Princess Alexandra Hospital (AU)
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Rezaei, Nima
- Kulasinghe, Arutha
- Venue
- Medicinal Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-12-04
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1474-1498
- ISSN
- 0198-6325 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-1128
- PMC
- PMC8247330
- OpenAlex
- W3108853735
- Cited by
- 334
- References
- 185
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 99 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Medicinal Research Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Garnett Passe and Rodney Williams Memorial Foundation
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1157741)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- tumor microenvironment, cancer immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, immune contexture, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, predictive biomarkers, treatment response, tumor progression, antitumor immunity
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Immunotherapy, Neoplasms, Tumor Microenvironment
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