Cell Proliferation in Adult Hippocampus is Decreased by Inescapable Stress: Reversal by Fluoxetine Treatment
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis has been demonstrated in several species and is regulated by both environmental and pharmacological stimuli. The present study seeks to determine whether hippocampal proliferation and neurogenesis are altered in adult animals exposed to inescapable shock (IS) in the learned helplessness model of depression. We report that exposure to avoidance testing, regardless of pre-exposure to IS, decreases cell proliferation in the hippocampus, extending previous studies demonstrating downregulation of neurogenesis by exposure to acute stressors. In addition, when the analysis was conducted 9 days after exposure to IS we observed a significant decrease in cell proliferation compared to nonshocked animals. Administration of fluoxetine, a serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor, from days 2-8 blocked the downregulation of cell proliferation resulting from IS. Fluoxetine treatment also reversed the deficit in escape latency observed in animals exposed to IS. Finally, at the 9 day time point, there was no significant difference in blood levels of corticosterone between nonshocked and IS exposed animals, indicating that the decreased cell proliferation that is observed is not due to increased levels of this adrenal steroid. These findings demonstrate that exposure to IS, which results in a state of behavioral despair, decreases hippocampal cell proliferation and that this effect can be reversed by fluoxetine treatment.
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Acute and chronic stress suppress hippocampal cell proliferation.
“In this study, we demonstrate that acute, and chronic, stress suppress hippocampal cell proliferation, consistent with previous reports (12, 32, 33) and that the antiproliferative effect of stress is blocked by inhibition of IL-1RI.”
From IL-1β is an essential mediator of the antineurogenic and anhedonic effects of stress (2008) · cites this paper as [12]
BrdU immunohistochemistry and its quantitative analysis used a modified unbiased stereology protocol.
“BrdU immunohistochemistry and its quantitative analysis by using a modified unbiased stereology protocol (12) was conducted as described in SI Methods.”
From IL-1β is an essential mediator of the antineurogenic and anhedonic effects of stress (2008) · cites this paper as [12]
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“It is well known that rodents recover from the behavioral despair by 2–3 weeks after exposure to IS (see Cryan et al, 2002).”
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InfluentialStress inhibits the proliferation of granule cell precursors in the developing dentate gyrus
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“Previous studies have demonstrated that physiologically relevant stressors, including psychosocial stress, intruder stress, and predator odor (Gould et al, 1997, 1998; Tanapat et al, 1998; Czeh et al, 2001) decrease hippocampal proliferation.”
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- Authors
- Malberg, J. E., & Duman, R. S.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Duman, Ronald S
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2003-05-15
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1562-1571
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- OpenAlex
- W2093541378
- Cited by
- 815
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 11.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (2 PO1 MH25642, MH45481)
- National Institute of Mental Health (2-PO1-MH25642, MH-45481, P01MH025642)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- adult hippocampal neurogenesis, hippocampal cell proliferation, inescapable shock, learned helplessness, depression, fluoxetine, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, avoidance learning, escape latency, corticosterone, behavioral despair
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Bromodeoxyuridine, Cell Count, Cell Division, Conditioning, Operant, Corticosterone, Depression, Disease Models, Animal, Electroshock, Escape Reaction, Fluoxetine, Helplessness, Learned, Hippocampus, Male, Nerve Growth Factors, S100 Proteins, Nuclear Proteins, Radiation-Sensitizing Agents, Reaction Time, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation, Rats, S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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