Restoring effects of oxytocin on the attentional preference for faces in autism
Open accessAbstract
Reduced attentional preference for faces and symptoms of social anxiety are common in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The neuropeptide oxytocin triggers anxiolytic functions and enhances eye gaze, facial emotion recognition and neural correlates of face processing in ASD. Here we investigated whether a single dose of oxytocin increases attention to faces in ASD. As a secondary question, we explored the influence of social anxiety on these effects. We tested for oxytocin’s effects on attention to neutral faces as compared to houses in a sample of 29 autistic individuals and 30 control participants using a dot-probe paradigm with two different presentation times (100 or 500 ms). A single dose of 24 IU oxytocin was administered in a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled, cross-over design. Under placebo, ASD individuals paid less attention to faces presented for 500 ms than did controls. Oxytocin administration increased the allocation of attention toward faces in ASD to a level observed in controls. Secondary analyses revealed that these oxytocin effects primarily occurred in ASD individuals with high levels of social anxiety who were characterized by attentional avoidance of faces under placebo. Our results confirm a positive influence of intranasal oxytocin on social attention processes in ASD. Further, they suggest that oxytocin may in particular restore the attentional preference for facial information in ASD individuals with high social anxiety. We conclude that oxytocin’s anxiolytic properties may partially account for its positive effects on socio-cognitive functioning in ASD, such as enhanced eye gaze and facial emotion recognition.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Several trials have shown that a single dose of intranasal oxytocin enhanced performance on measures of social cognition or motivation, compared with placebo, in persons with autism spectrum disorder.
“Several trials have shown that a single dose of intranasal oxytocin enhanced performance on measures of social cognition10,11 or motivation,12–14 as compared with placebo, in persons with autism spectrum disorder.”
From Intranasal Oxytocin in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
IN-OXT treatment can ameliorate the lack of attentional preference for faces that is characteristic of patients with ASD.
“It is also known that IN-OXT treatment can ameliorate82 the lack of attentional preference for faces46 that is characteristic of patients with ASD.”
From Effect of age and autism spectrum disorder on oxytocin receptor density in the human basal forebrain and midbrain (2018) · cites this paper as [82]
Previous studies showing oxytocin effects on emotion recognition, empathy, or face processing in adults with ASD had an average sample size of 21.5 participants.
“Moreover, previous studies showing oxytocin effects on emotion recognition, empathy, or face processing in adults with ASD had an average sample size of 21.5 participants48,50,51,86–88.”
From Randomized clinical trial shows no substantial modulation of empathy-related neural activation by intranasal oxytocin in autism (2021) · cites this paper as [87]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005592401947 · Cited by 7,520 · see citing works
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005653411471 · Cited by 6,450 · see citing works
Oxytocin increases trust in humans
Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P. J., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03701 · Cited by 3,690 · see citing works
Attentional bias in emotional disorders
MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. (1986) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.95.1.15 · Cited by 3,152 · see citing works
Attentional bias in emotional disorders.
MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. R. (1986) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.95.1.15 · Cited by 2,553 · see citing works
Heinrichs, M., Baumgartner, T., Kirschbaum, C., & Ehlert, U. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00465-7 · Cited by 2,091 · see citing works
Self-citationThe social motivation theory of autism
Chevallier, C., Kohls, G., Troiani, V., Brodkin, E. S., & Schultz, R. T. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.02.007 · Cited by 2,072 · see citing works
Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism
Dalton, K. M., Nacewicz, B. M., Johnstone, T., Schaefer, H. S., Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., Alexander, A. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1421 · Cited by 1,543 · see citing works
Oxytocin improves “mind-reading” in humans
Domes, G., Heinrichs, M., Michel, A., Berger, C., & Herpertz, S. C. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.015 · Cited by 1,298 · see citing works
Self-citationOxytocin shapes the neural circuitry of trust and trust adaptation in humans
Baumgartner, T., Heinrichs, M., Vonlanthen, A., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.009 · Cited by 1,258 · see citing works
Self-citationSchultz, R. T. (2005) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.012 · Cited by 1,071 · see citing works
Intranasal oxytocin improves emotion recognition for youth with autism spectrum disorders.
Guastella, A. J., Einfeld, S. L., Gray, K. M., Rinehart, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Lambert, T. J., & Hickie, I. B. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.020 · Cited by 962 · see citing works
Promoting social behavior with oxytocin in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders.
Andari, E., Duhamel, J.-R., Zalla, T., Herbrecht, E., Leboyer, M., & Sirigu, A. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0910249107 · Cited by 941 · see citing works
Oxytocin increases gaze to the eye region of human faces
Guastella, A. J., Mitchell, P. B., & Dadds, M. R. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.026 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
Koster, E. H. W., Crombez, G., Verschuere, B., & De Houwer, J. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.001 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Bögels, S., & Mansell, W. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.005 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Oxytocin Attenuates Amygdala Reactivity to Fear in Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder
Labuschagne, I., Phan, K. L., Wood, A., Angstadt, M., Chua, P., Heinrichs, M., Stout, J. C., & Nathan, P. J. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.123 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Skill Deficits and Anxiety in High-Functioning Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Bellini, S. (2004) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576040190020201 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Different amygdala subregions mediate valence-related and attentional effects of oxytocin in humans
Gamer, M., Zurowski, B., & Büchel, C. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1000985107 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Oxytocin selectively improves empathic accuracy
Bartz, J. A., Zaki, J., Bolger, N., Hollander, E., Ludwig, N. N., Kolevzon, A., & Ochsner, K. N. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610383439 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Oxytocin Attenuates Affective Evaluations of Conditioned Faces and Amygdala Activity
Petrovic, P., Kalisch, R., Singer, T., & Dolan, R. J. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4572-07.2008 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Social Anxiety in High-functioning Children and Adolescents with Autism and Asperger Syndrome
Kuusikko, S., Pollock, R. A., Jussila, K. K., Carter, A. S., Mattila, M., Ebeling, H. E., Pauls, D. L., & Moilanen, I. K. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0555-9 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Eye-movements reveal attention to social information in autism spectrum disorder
Fletcher‐Watson, S., Leekam, S. R., Benson, V., Frank, M. C., & Findlay, J. M. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.07.016 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Anagnostou, E., Soorya, L., Chaplin, W., Bartz, J., Halpern, D., Wasserman, S., Wang, A. T., Pepa, L., Tanel, N., Kushki, A., et al. (2012) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-3-16 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Oxytocin enhances brain function in children with autism
Gordon, I., Vander Wyk, B. C., Bennett, R. H., Cordeaux, C., Lucas, M. V., Eilbott, J. A., Zagoory-Sharon, O., Leckman, J. F., Feldman, R., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1312857110 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Horley, K., Williams, L. M., Gonsalvez, C. J., & Gordon, E. (2004) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.02.016 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Guastella, A. J., Gray, K. M., Rinehart, N. J., Alvares, G. A., Tonge, B. J., Hickie, I. B., Keating, C. M., Cacciotti‐Saija, C., & Einfeld, S. L. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12305 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Corden, B., Chilvers, R., & Skuse, D. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.08.005 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Stangier, U., Heidenreich, T., Berardi, A., Golbs, U., & Hoyer, J. (1999) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026//0084-5345.28.1.28 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Effects of intranasal oxytocin on the neural basis of face processing in autism spectrum disorder
Domes, G., Heinrichs, M., Kumbier, E., Grossmann, A., Hauenstein, K., & Herpertz, S. C. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.02.007 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Self-citationNasal oxytocin for social deficits in childhood autism: A randomized controlled trial
Dadds, M. R., MacDonald, E., Cauchi, A., Williams, K., Levy, F., & Brennan, J. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1899-3 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Auyeung, B., Lombardo, M. V., Heinrichs, M., Chakrabarti, B., Sule, A., Deakin, J. B., Bethlehem, R. A. I., Dickens, L., Mooney, N., Sipple, J. A. N., et al. (2015) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2014.146 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-citationGuastella, A. J., & Hickie, I. B. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.06.028 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Lischke, A., Berger, C., Prehn, K., Heinrichs, M., Herpertz, S. C., & Domes, G. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.07.015 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Bertsch, K., Gamer, M., Schmidt, B., Schmidinger, I., Walther, S., Kästel, T., Schnell, K., Büchel, C., Domes, G., & Herpertz, S. C. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13020263 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citationFear of negative evaluation and the hypervigilance-avoidance hypothesis: an eye-tracking study
Wieser, M. J., Pauli, P., Weyers, P., Alpers, G. W., & Mühlberger, A. (2008) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-008-0101-0 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Atypical Reflexive Gaze Patterns on Emotional Faces in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kliemann, D., Dziobek, I., Hatri, A., Steimke, R., & Heekeren, H. R. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0688-10.2010 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Anxiety and orienting of gaze to angry and fearful faces
Mogg, K., Garner, M., & Bradley, B. P. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.07.005 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Limited Attentional Bias for Faces in Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Katarzyna, C., Fred, V., & Ami, K. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.194 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Kleinhans, N. M., Richards, T., Weaver, K., Johnson, L. C., Greenson, J., Dawson, G., & Aylward, E. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.07.022 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Oxytocin improves behavioural and neural deficits in inferring others’ social emotions in autism
Aoki, Y., Yahata, N., Watanabe, T., Takano, Y., Kawakubo, Y., Kuwabara, H., Iwashiro, N., Natsubori, T., Inoue, H., Suga, M., et al. (2014) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awu231 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Watanabe, T., Abe, O., Kuwabara, H., Yahata, N., Takano, Y., Iwashiro, N., Natsubori, T., Aoki, Y., Takao, H., Kawakubo, Y., et al. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3181 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
The role of the amygdala in atypical gaze on emotional faces in autism spectrum disorders
Kliemann, D., Dziobek, I., Hatri, A., Baudewig, J., & Heekeren, H. R. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5294-11.2012 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Oxytocin increases recognition of masked emotional faces
Schulze, L., Lischke, A., Greif, J., Herpertz, S. C., Heinrichs, M., & Domes, G. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.011 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationFreeth, M., Chapman, P., Ropar, D., & Mitchell, P. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0893-2 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Cardoso, C., Kingdon, D., & Ellenbogen, M. A. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.014 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
fMRI evidence of neural abnormalities in the subcortical face processing system in ASD
Kleinhans, N. M., Richards, T. L., Johnson, L. C., Weaver, K. E., Greenson, J., Dawson, G., & Aylward, E. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.037 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Domes, G., Kumbier, E., Heinrichs, M., & Herpertz, S. C. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.254 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationOxytocin differentially modulates eye gaze to naturalistic social signals of happiness and anger
Domes, G., Steiner, A., Porges, S. W., & Heinrichs, M. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.10.002 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationOxytocin and the social brain: Neural mechanisms and perspectives in human research
Kanat, M., Heinrichs, M., & Domes, G. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.003 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationKosaka, H., Okamoto, Y., Munesue, T., Yamasue, H., Inohara, K., Fujioka, T., Anme, T., Orisaka, M., Ishitobi, M., Jung, M., et al. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.152 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Social Attention in a Virtual Public Speaking Task in Higher Functioning Children With Autism
Jarrold, W., Mundy, P. C., Gwaltney, M., Bailenson, J. N., Hatt, N. V., McIntyre, N. S., Kim, K. K., Solomon, M., Novotny, S. E., & Swain, L. A. (2013) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1302 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Acute effects of intranasal oxytocin on subjective and behavioral responses to social rejection.
Alvares, G. A., Hickie, I. B., & Guastella, A. J. (2010) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0019719 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Ellenbogen, M. A., Linnen, A., Grumet, R., Cardoso, C., & Joober, R. (2012) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01278.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Oxytocin attenuates neural reactivity to masked threat cues from the eyes
Kanat, M., Heinrichs, M., Schwarzwald, R., & Domes, G. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.183 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationBuxbaum, J. D., Betancur, C., Bozdagi, O., Dorr, N. P., Elder, G. A., & Hof, P. R. (2012) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-3-1 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Intact perception but abnormal orientation towards face-like objects in young children with ASD
Guillon, Q., Rogé, B., Afzali, M. H., Baduel, S., Kruck, J., & Hadjikhani, N. K. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep22119 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Oxytocin modulates amygdala reactivity to masked fearful eyes
Kanat, M., Heinrichs, M., Mader, I., van Elst, L. T., & Domes, G. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.111 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationCrawford, H., Moss, J. F., Oliver, C., Elliott, N. A., Anderson, G. M., & McCleery, J. P. (2016) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-016-0084-x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Adaptive coding of the value of social cues with oxytocin, an fMRI study in autism spectrum disorder
Andari, E., Richard, N., Leboyer, M., & Sirigu, A. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.12.010 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Cardoso, C., Ellenbogen, M. A., & Linnen, A.-M. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0034314 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Xu, L., Ma, X., Zhao, W., Luo, L., Yao, S., & Kendrick, K. M. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.09.002 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Is there a mutual relationship between opposite attentional biases underlying anxiety?
Onnis, R., Dadds, M. R., & Bryant, R. A. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0022019 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Hollocks, M. J., Ozsivadjian, A., Matthews, C. E., Howlin, P., & Simonoff, E. A. (2013) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1285 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Clark-Elford, R., Nathan, P. J., Auyeung, B., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Sule, A., Müller, U., Dudas, R. B., Sahakian, B. J., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2015) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyu012 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Kim, Y., Oh, S.-M., Corfield, F., Jeong, D.-W., Jang, E.-Y., & Treasure, J. L. (2014) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2014.11.2.160 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Anxiety Related Attentional Biases in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
May, T., Cornish, K., & Rinehart, N. J. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2500-z · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Attentional Processing of Faces in ASD: A Dot-Probe Study
Moore, D., Heavey, L., & Reidy, J. G. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1449-4 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Intranasal Oxytocin in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Sikich, L., Kolevzon, A., King, B. H., McDougle, C. J., Sanders, K. B., Kim, S.-J., Spanos, M., Chandrasekhar, T., Trelles, M. D. P., Rockhill, C. M., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2103583 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Intranasal oxytocin in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders: A multilevel meta-analysis
Huang, Y., Huang, X., Ebstein, R. P., & Yu, R. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.028 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Oxytocin and Autism Spectrum Disorders
Yamasue, H., & Domes, G. (2017) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2017_24 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationFreeman, S. M., Palumbo, M. C., Lawrence, R. H., Smith, A. L., Goodman, M. M., & Bales, K. L. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0315-3 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Wang, M.-J., Rong, Y., He, H.-Z., & Yang, C.-J. (2019) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.03.007 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Mayer, A. V., Wermter, A.-K., Stroth, S., Alter, P., Haberhausen, M., Stehr, T., Paulus, F. M., Krach, S., & Kamp-Becker, I. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94407-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Oxytocin increases eye gaze in schizophrenia
Bradley, E. R., Seitz, A., Niles, A. N., Rankin, K. P., Mathalon, D. H., O'Donovan, A., & Woolley, J. D. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.07.039 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kanat, M., Spenthof, I., Riedel, A., van Elst, L. T., Heinrichs, M., & Domes, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Domes, G
- ORCID
- Venue
- Translational Psychiatry
- Published
- 2017-04-18
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e1097-e1097
- ISSN
- 2158-3188 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5416705
- OpenAlex
- W2606298500
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 12.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Translational Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- oxytocin, autism spectrum disorder, face attention, social anxiety, attentional bias, dot-probe task, intranasal administration, anxiolytic effects, social attention, facial emotion recognition, gaze
- MeSH terms
- Facial Recognition, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Phobia, Social, Adult, Attention, Choice Behavior, Double-Blind Method, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oxytocin, Reaction Time
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
