Cited by 205Plant biochemistry and biosynthesisSesquiterpenes and Asteraceae StudiesPlant tissue culture and regeneration

Identification of Intermediates and Enzymes Involved in the Early Steps of Artemisinin Biosynthesis in Artemisia annua

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Bertea, C. M., Freije, J. R., van der Woude, H., Verstappen, F. W., Perk, L., Marquez, V., De Kraker, J-W., Posthumus, M. A. +4 more·2005·Planta Medica

Abstract

An important group of antimalarial drugs consists of the endoperoxide sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin and its derivatives. Only little is known about the biosynthesis of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L., particularly about the early enzymatic steps between amorpha-4,11-diene and dihydroartemisinic acid. Analyses of the terpenoids from A. annua leaves and gland secretory cells revealed the presence of the oxygenated amorpha-4,11-diene derivatives artemisinic alcohol, dihydroartemisinic alcohol, artemisinic aldehyde, dihydroartemisinic aldehyde and dihydroartemisinic acid. We also demonstrated the presence of a number of biosynthetic enzymes such as the amorpha-4,11-diene synthase and the--so far unknown--amorpha-4,11-diene hydroxylase as well as artemisinic alcohol and dihydroartemisinic aldehyde dehydrogenase activities in both leaves and glandular trichomes. From these results, we hypothesise that the early steps in artemisinin biosynthesis involve amorpha-4,11-diene hydroxylation to artemisinic alcohol, followed by oxidation to artemisinic aldehyde, reduction of the C11-C13 double bond to dihydroartemisinic aldehyde and oxidation to dihydroartemisinic acid.

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Crossref · 10.1055/s-2005-837749

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  • These metabolites suggested the presence of two interlinked pathways for conversion of amorpha-4,11-diene (451) to either dihydroartemisinic acid (480) or artemisinic acid (473).

    “Collectively, these metabolites suggested the presence of two interlinked pathways for the conversion of amorpha-4,11-diene (451) to either dihydroartemisinic acid (480) or artemisinic acid (473), as is shown in Scheme 11 [135].”
  • There is evidence for a route to dihydroartemisinic acid (480) involving two oxidations at C-12 of amorpha-4,11-diene (451) to artemisinic aldehyde (460) via artemisinic alcohol (458), reduction of the Δ11,13 double bond in (460) to dihydroartemisinic aldehyde (483), and oxidation of (483) at C-12 to yield dihydroartemisinic acid (480).

    “Interestingly, there is now some evidence for such a route to dihydroartemisinic acid (480), which involves two oxidations at C-12 of amorpha-4,11-diene (451), producing artemisinic aldehyde (460) via artemisinic alcohol (458); followed by reduction of the Δ11,13 double bond in (460) to dihydroartemisinic aldehyde (483); and, finally, oxidation of (483) at C-12 to yield dihydroartemisinic acid (”
  • In 2005, artemisinic alcohol (458), artemisinic aldehyde (460), dihydroartemisinic alcohol (482) and dihydroartemisinic aldehyde (483) were all isolated as natural products from A. annua.

    “In 2005, artemisinic alcohol (458), artemisinic aldehyde (460), dihydroartemisinic alcohol (482) and dihydroartemisinic aldehyde (483) were all isolated as natural products from A. annua [135].”

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Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Ridley RG. Chemotherapeutic hope on the horizon for Plasmodium vivax malaria?.Proc Natl Acad Sci 2002; 21: 13 362 ± 4
  2. Maurer B, Grieder A. Sesquiterpenoids from costus root oil (Saussurea lappa Clarke). Helv Chim Acta 1977; 60: 2177 ± 190
  3. Zänglein A. Untersuchungen phytochemischer, morphologischer und anatomischer Merkmale und ihrer Variabilität an ausgewählten ¾therischölpflanzen und Drogen unter besonderen Aspekten der Dro- genbeurteilung und der Erkennung von Verfälschungen. PhD thesis, 1993 University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany: 13
  4. Gang DR, Wang J, Dudareva N, Nam KH, Simon JE, Lewinshom E, Pi- cherski E. An investigation of the storage and biosynthesis of phenyl- propanes in sweet basil. Plant Phys 2001; 125: 539 ± 55
  5. Mihaliak CA, Karp F, Croteau R. Cytochrome P450 terpene hydroxyla- ses. In: PJ Lea, editor. Methods in plant biochemistry; Enzymes of sec- ondary metabolism; Vol 9 Academic Press, London:: pp 261 ± 279 1993

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Authors
Bertea, C. M., Freije, J. R., van der Woude, H., Verstappen, F. W., Perk, L., Marquez, V., De Kraker, J.-W., Posthumus, M. A., Jansen, B. J., de Groot, A., Franssen, M. C., & Bouwmeester, H. J.
Affiliations
Wageningen University & Research (NL)
Venue
Planta Medica
Published
2005-01
Volume
71
Issue
1
Pages
40-47
ISSN
  • 0032-0943 (ISSN-L)
  • 1439-0221
OpenAlex
W2061459669
Cited by
205
References
13
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 21
FWCI
5.77
Type
journal article
Language
de
Open access
Locations
  • Planta Medica (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
  • Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
  • MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant biochemistry and biosynthesis
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Sesquiterpenes and Asteraceae Studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant tissue culture and regeneration
Keywords
artemisinin biosynthesis, Artemisia annua, dihydroartemisinic acid, amorpha-4,11-diene synthase, sesquiterpene lactones, glandular trichomes, antimalarial drugs
MeSH terms
Antimalarials, Humans, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Phytotherapy, Plant Leaves, Artemisia annua, Artemisinins

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