Behavioral and neural correlates of delay of gratification 40 years later
Open accessAbstract
We examined the neural basis of self-regulation in individuals from a cohort of preschoolers who performed the delay-of-gratification task 4 decades ago. Nearly 60 individuals, now in their mid-forties, were tested on “hot” and “cool” versions of a go/nogo task to assess whether delay of gratification in childhood predicts impulse control abilities and sensitivity to alluring cues (happy faces). Individuals who were less able to delay gratification in preschool and consistently showed low self-control abilities in their twenties and thirties performed more poorly than did high delayers when having to suppress a response to a happy face but not to a neutral or fearful face. This finding suggests that sensitivity to environmental hot cues plays a significant role in individuals’ ability to suppress actions toward such stimuli. A subset of these participants ( n = 26) underwent functional imaging for the first time to test for biased recruitment of frontostriatal circuitry when required to suppress responses to alluring cues. Whereas the prefrontal cortex differentiated between nogo and go trials to a greater extent in high delayers, the ventral striatum showed exaggerated recruitment in low delayers. Thus, resistance to temptation as measured originally by the delay-of-gratification task is a relatively stable individual difference that predicts reliable biases in frontostriatal circuitries that integrate motivational and control processes.
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Emotion regulation is a critical life skill that predicts positive life outcomes in adulthood.
“Emotion regulation involves active attempts to maintain or change emotions and is a critical life skill that predicts positive life outcomes in adulthood [5,6].”
From The neuroscience of emotion regulation development: Implications for education (2016) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Casey, B. J., Somerville, L. H., Gotlib, I. H., Ayduk, O., Franklin, N. T., Askren, M. K., Jonides, J., Berman, M. G., Wilson, N. L., Teslovich, T., Glover, G., Zayas, V., Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y.
- Affiliations
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
- Columbia University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2011-09
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 36
- Pages
- 14998-15003
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3169162
- OpenAlex
- W1985709069
- Cited by
- 683
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 20.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K99MH087813)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA018879)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD069178)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- delay of gratification, self-regulation, impulse control, go/no-go task, response suppression, frontostriatal circuits, ventral striatum, prefrontal cortex, individual differences, longitudinal follow-up, preschool children, resistance to temptation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Basal Ganglia, Behavior, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Perception, Cohort Studies, Prefrontal Cortex
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