Childhood maltreatment and its effect on neurocognitive functioning: timing and chronicity matter
Open accessAbstract
Childhood maltreatment represents a complex stressor, with the developmental timing, duration, frequency, and type of maltreatment varying with each child (Barnett, Manly, & Cicchetti, 1993; Cicchetti & Manly, 2001). Multiple brain regions and neural circuits are disrupted by the experience of child maltreatment (Cicchetti & Toth, in press; DeBellis et al., 2002; McCrory & Viding, 2010; Teicher, Anderson, & Polcari, 2012). These neurobiological compromises indicate the impairment of a number of important cognitive functions, including working memory and inhibitory control. The present study extends prior research by examining the effect of childhood maltreatment on neurocognitive functioning based on developmental timing of maltreatment, including onset, chronicity, and recency, in a sample of 3- to 9-year-old nonmaltreated (n= 136) and maltreated children (n= 223). Maltreated children performed more poorly on inhibitory control and working-memory tasks than did nonmaltreated children. Group differences between maltreated children based on the timing of maltreatment and the chronicity of maltreatment also were evident. Specifically, children who were maltreated during infancy, and children with a chronic history of maltreatment, exhibited significantly poorer inhibitory control and working-memory performance than did children without a history of maltreatment. The results suggest that maltreatment occurring during infancy, a period of major brain organization, disrupts normative structure and function, and these deficits are further instantiated by the prolonged stress of chronic maltreatment during the early years of life.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This cross-sectional study compared low-SES maltreated and nonmaltreated children aged 3–9 on neurocognitive tasks. Maltreated children showed poorer inhibitory control and working memory, especially when maltreatment began during infancy or persisted across three or more developmental periods.
Key findings
- Maltreated children had lower inhibitory control/working memory composite scores than nonmaltreated children (M = −0.11, SD = .85 vs. M = .08, SD = .82; F(1, 358) = 9.602, p = .002, η² = .026). No significant group differences appeared for memory, motor control/attention, or the overall cognitive composite.
- Chronicity mattered: children maltreated across three or more developmental periods scored lower than nonmaltreated children (M = −.42, SD = .96, p = .000) and lower than the one-period group (p = .05). One- and two-period groups did not differ significantly from nonmaltreated children.
- Onset and recency mattered: infancy-onset maltreatment was associated with lower scores than nonmaltreated status (M = −.32, SD = .91, p = .000) and later onset (p = .036); later onset did not differ from nonmaltreated. Nonmaltreated children outperformed both current-period and past maltreatment groups (p = .004 and p = .05), while current versus past maltreatment did not differ.
- Subtype count showed both one/two and three/four subtype groups performing worse than nonmaltreated children (p = .021 and p = .002), but the two maltreated groups did not differ from each other (p = .08). At age 4, maltreated children failed the tapping pretest more often (76.3% vs. 40.9%; χ² = 8.174, p = .004).
Methods
- Cross-sectional comparison of 3- to 9-year-old low-SES children from urban upstate New York. Maltreated children were identified through Department of Human Services/Child Protective Services records and maternal interview; nonmaltreated comparison children were recruited from TANF families with no DHS involvement. The abstract reports 136 nonmaltreated and 223 maltreated children, while the Method section reports 228 maltreated and 142 nonmaltreated children; follow-up analyses use 136 comparison children.
- Ten neuropsychological tasks assessed inhibitory control/working memory, memory, attention, and motor control. Standardized task variables were combined into inhibitory control/working memory, memory, motor control/attention, and cognitive function composites. ANCOVAs with age in months as a covariate compared groups, and follow-up tests examined maltreatment onset, chronicity, recency, and subtype count on inhibitory control/working memory.
Limitations
- Stated: the design was cross-sectional with assessment at only one time point, so developmental timing and change could not be directly observed; the author calls for longitudinal and fMRI research.
- Evident from the text: sample-size figures differ between the abstract/Method and the analysis samples; subtype analyses had a small three-or-more-subtype group (n = 34); the low-SES urban sample may limit generalizability; pretest failures excluded task-specific data; and causal claims cannot be established from the design.
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Cites
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 44 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Children maltreated in infancy had significantly lower scores on inhibitory control and working memory tasks than children never maltreated.
“children who were maltreated during infancy, and children with a chronic history of maltreatment, exhibited significantly poorer inhibitory control and working memory performance than children without a history of maltreatment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Maltreated children performed worse than nonmaltreated children on tasks measuring inhibitory control and working memory.
“Maltreated children performed more poorly on inhibitory control and working memory tasks than nonmaltreated children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Children whose maltreatment was chronic had significantly lower inhibitory control and working memory scores than children with no maltreatment history.
“children who were maltreated during infancy, and children with a chronic history of maltreatment, exhibited significantly poorer inhibitory control and working memory performance than children without a history of maltreatment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There was no significant difference between maltreated and nonmaltreated children on the memory composite.
“A one-way between factors ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed no significant differences between the maltreated children (M = .01, SD = .45) and the nonmaltreated comparison children (M = −.01, SD = .39) on the memory composite (F (1, 357) = .192, p = .662, eta2 = .001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Maltreated children scored significantly lower on the inhibitory control/working memory composite than nonmaltreated comparison children.
“A one-way between factors ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed a significant group difference between the maltreated children and the nonmaltreated comparison children (F (1, 358) = 9.602, MSE = .325, p = .002, eta2 = .026).”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Function Task Performance · plain
“The maltreated children had a significantly lower ICWM score (M = .-0.11, SD = .85 ) than the nonmaltreated comparison children (M = .08, SD = .82).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Function Task Performance · plain
- Findingown data
There was no significant difference between maltreated and nonmaltreated children on the motor control/attention composite.
“A one-way between factors ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed no significant differences between the maltreatment children (M = −.00, SD = .58) and the nonmaltreated comparison children (M = −.00, SD = .61) on the motor control/attention composite (F (1, 369) = .00, p = .998, eta2 = .00).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Children who passed 67% of the motor control/attention tasks had a general understanding of the tasks.
- Findingown data
Children whose maltreatment began after infancy performed significantly better on inhibitory control/working memory than those whose maltreatment began during infancy.
“In addition, those children who experienced the onset of maltreatment after infancy also performed significantly better than those who experienced the onset of maltreatment during infancy (p = .036; see Figure 3 for onset of maltreatment means).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
- Findingown data
Children aged three in both groups failed the Tapping, Three Pegs, Day-Night Stroop-Like, and Control Stroop tasks more often than children of any other age.
“three-year-olds from both groups had a greater rate of failure than any other age group on the Tapping Task, the Three Pegs Task, the Day-Night Stroop-Like Task, and the Control Stroop Task.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The recency of maltreatment had a significant effect on inhibitory control/working memory performance.
“A one way ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed a significant effect for the recency of children’s maltreatment experience (F (2, 322) = 4.717, MSE = .322, p = .010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
- Findingown data
Maltreated children with one or two subtypes did not differ significantly from those with three or four subtypes on inhibitory control/working memory.
“Maltreated children experiencing one or two types of maltreatment were not significantly different in their performance compared to children experiencing three or four types of maltreatment (p = .08).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
- Findingown data
The onset of maltreatment had a significant effect on inhibitory control/working memory performance.
“A one-way ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed a significant effect for the onset of maltreatment (F (2, 322) = 6.627, MSE = .328, p = .002).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
- Findingown data
Nonmaltreated children performed significantly better on inhibitory control/working memory than maltreated children with one or two subtypes and those with three or four subtypes.
“Post hoc follow up LSD tests showed that the nonmaltreated comparison children (M = .08, SD = .82) performed significantly better than maltreated children experiencing one or two types of maltreatment (M = −.12, SD = .86, p = .021) and those experiencing three or four types of maltreatment (M = −.26, SD = .89, p = .002).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
- Findingown data
There was no significant difference between maltreated and nonmaltreated children on the cognitive function composite (executive function composite).
“A one-way ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed no significant differences between the maltreated children (M = −.02, SD = .36) and nonmaltreated comparison children (M = .02, SD = .35) on the executive function composite (F (1, 358) = 1.427, p=.233, eta2 = .004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Children who passed 67% of the motor control/attention tasks had a general understanding of the tasks.
- Findingown data
Nonmaltreated children performed significantly better on inhibitory control/working memory than both children maltreated in their current developmental period and those maltreated in the past.
“Post hoc follow up LSD test demonstrated that the nonmaltreated comparison children performed significantly better than both those who were maltreated in their current developmental period (M = −.44, SD = .86, p = .004) and those who experienced maltreatment in the past (M = .23, SD = .71, p = .05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
- Findingown data
Cognitive task performance differed significantly according to the child's age in years at testing.
“Performance based on a child’s age in years at time of test was examined and found to be significant (F (5, 358) = 29.92, p = .00, eta2 = .30).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At age four, children who had been maltreated failed the Tapping Task pretest at a significantly higher rate than children in the nonmaltreated comparison group.
“At age four, maltreated children (76.3%) failed to pass the Tapping Task significantly more often than the nonmaltreated comparison children (40.9%) (χ2 (1, N= 65) = 8.174, p = .004; see Figure 1 for group failure rates on the Tapping Task).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The number of maltreatment subtypes experienced had a significant effect on inhibitory control/working memory performance.
“A one-way ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed a significant effect for the number of maltreatment subtypes (F (1, 322) = 5.890, MSE = .330, p = .003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
- Findingown data
Children maltreated in their current developmental period did not differ significantly on inhibitory control/working memory from those maltreated in previous periods.
“The performance of children who experienced maltreatment in their current developmental period compared to those who experienced it in previous periods was not statistically different from each other.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
- Findingown data
The number of developmental periods during which maltreatment occurred had a significant effect on inhibitory control/working memory performance.
“A one-way ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed a significant effect for the number of developmental periods in which maltreatment occurred (F (3, 322) = 4.385, MSE = .330, p = .005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
- Premisecitation
Adverse experiences early in life, including maltreatment, frequently have lasting consequences.
“It is generally understood that early adverse life experiences, such as the occurrence of child maltreatment, often carry long-lasting consequences (Cicchetti & Valentino, 2006; Sroufe et al., 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Cicchetti & Valentino, 2006
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- cites Sroufe et al., 2005
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- Premisecitation
Child maltreatment disrupts several brain regions and neural circuits.
“Multiple brain regions and neural circuits are disrupted by maltreatment experiences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Cicchetti & Toth, in press
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- cites DeBellis, 2001, 2005
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- cites Hart & Rubia, 2012
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- Premisecitation
In maltreated children and adolescents, the most affected neural pathways are mainly fronto-limbic, involving the prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and amygdala.
“The pathways most affected in maltreated children and adolescents are predominately in fronto-limbic networks. These include the prefrontal cortex (PFC), both the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, and the amygdala (DeBellis, 2001; Hart & Rubia, 2012; McCrory et al., 2010; Teicher et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites DeBellis, 2001
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- cites Hart & Rubia, 2012
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- cites McCrory et al., 2010
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- Premisecitation
Performance on self-control tasks in childhood correlates with adult performance as much as four decades later.
“Childhood performance has been shown to be correlated with adult performance, up to forty years later (Casey et al, 2011; Eigsti et al., 2006; Mischel et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Casey et al, 2011
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- cites Eigsti et al., 2006
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- cites Mischel et al., 2010
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- Premisecitation
Foster care children with maltreatment histories display atypical neuronal activation on an inhibitory control task.
“A recent functional magnetic resonance imaging study of maltreated children in foster care showed atypical neuronal activation during an inhibitory control task (Bruce et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bruce et al., 2013
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- Premisecitation
Most maltreatment occurs among families of low socioeconomic status.
“Because maltreatment occurs predominantly in the low SES population (NIS-4 reference), families receiving TANF were selected based on their similarity to the demographic characteristics of the families with maltreated children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites NIS-4 reference
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- Interpretationcitation
Early deprivation has lasting effects on brain regions that support self-control.
“These studies indicate that early deprivation carries with it long-term consequences in areas of the brain important for self-control.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Among children with early adversity, those who had been institutionalized scored lower on inhibitory control than never-institutionalized or foster care children.
“Specifically, in a sample of children with a history of early adversity (i.e., institutionalized children), an inhibitory control task was performed by never-institutionalized or foster care children, and institutionalized children. The institutionalized children had lower inhibitory control scores (a key component of self-control).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McDermott et al., 2012
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- Premisecitation
Early institutionalization is associated with lower electrical brain activity in children compared with age-matched peers.
“Children with an early history of institutionalization also exhibit lower levels of electrical brain activity than their same-aged counterparts (Marshall & Fox, 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Marshall & Fox, 2004
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- Interpretationown data
Maltreated children show a different cognitive control profile than their nonmaltreated peers.
“The findings of this investigation reveal that maltreated children have a different cognitive control landscape than their nonmaltreated peers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Internationally adopted children from institutions have lower glucose metabolism in frontal cortex areas, such as the orbitofrontal gyrus and infralimbic prefrontal cortex, than non-institutionalized youth.
“Additionally, in children internationally adopted from institutions, current research has shown patterns of reduced glucose metabolism in regions of the frontal cortex, including the orbitofrontal gyrus and infralimbic prefrontal cortex, compared to non-institutionalized youth (Chugani et al, 2001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Chugani et al, 2001
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- Premisecitation
Early maltreatment may condition young neural networks to produce cascading effects through later development, possibly limiting the child's flexibility to adapt to novel challenging situations.
“Early maltreatment may condition young neural networks to produce cascading effects through later development, possibly constraining the child’s flexibility to adapt to novel challenging situations with new strategies rather than with old conceptual and behavioral prototypes (Cicchetti & Tucker, 1994; Courchesne, Chisum, & Townsend, 1994; Masten & Cicchetti, 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Cicchetti & Tucker, 1994
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- cites Courchesne, Chisum, & Townsend, 1994
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- cites Masten & Cicchetti, 2010
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- Interpretationcitation
Children may be especially vulnerable to maltreatment during periods of rapid creation or modification of neuronal connections, such as infancy.
“Children may be especially vulnerable to the effects of maltreatment or other pathological experiences during periods of rapid creation or modification of neuronal connections such as infancy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The onset and chronicity of maltreatment play a significant role in the early stages of working memory and inhibitory control development.
“Overall, it is clear that the onset and chronicity of maltreatment plays a significant role in the early stages of working memory and inhibitory control development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
For maltreated children, connecting a cue to a consequence may be difficult because of unpredictability and inconsistency in the maltreating family environment.
“For maltreated children, however, a relatively straightforward act of connecting a cue to a consequence may be difficult, given unpredictability and inconsistency in the maltreating family environment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The child-caregiver relationship plays an important role because the precursor of higher cognition during infancy is connecting an act to a consequence.
- Interpretationown data
Maltreatment during infancy and chronic maltreatment are important for identifying which maltreated children are most vulnerable to impairments in the development of inhibitory control and working memory.
“Maltreatment during the infancy period and chronic maltreatment were found to have importance for identifying which maltreated children were most vulnerable to impairments in the development of inhibitory control and working memory abilities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The onset and chronicity of maltreatment likely influence how well a child performs in the classroom.
“This likely influences how well a child performs in the classroom.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Major occurrences in the life of maltreated children result in a pathogenic, chaotic, and threatening environment that negatively influences their ability to develop basic cognitive skills.
“Major occurrences in the life of maltreated children, such as abuse or the withholding of care, result in a pathogenic, chaotic, and threatening environment that negatively influences their ability to develop basic cognitive skills.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The child-caregiver relationship plays an important role because the precursor of higher cognition during infancy is connecting an act to a consequence.
- Interpretationown data
An examination of the number of maltreatment subtypes did not yield incremental information beyond the basic statement that all maltreated children performed worse than nonmaltreated children.
“An examination of the number of maltreatment subtypes a child experienced did not yield incremental information beyond the basic statement that children who had experienced one to four maltreatment subtypes (i.e, all maltreated children) performed worse than nonmaltreated children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The findings illustrate diversity among maltreated children in their acquisition of executive function skills.
“The findings of the current research illustrate diversity among maltreated children in their acquisition of executive function skills.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Inhibitory control and working memory tasks rely on recruitment of the prefrontal cortex.
“A possible explanation for our results may have to do with the understanding that inhibitory control and working memory tasks rely on the recruitment of the prefrontal cortex (Diamond, 1997).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Diamond, 1997
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- Premisecitation
Early stress increases the density of glucocorticoid receptors.
“This early stress increases the density of glucocorticoid receptors (Teicher et al., 2003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Teicher et al., 2003
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- Interpretationown data
The cognitive abilities of children maltreated later during development or for a lesser portion of development may be indistinguishable from their SES-matched nonmaltreated counterparts.
“At the same time, the cognitive abilities of children who experienced maltreatment later during development or who experienced maltreatment for a lesser portion of development may be indistinguishable from their SES-matched nonmaltreated counterparts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Infancy is a sensitive period critical for establishing the foundations of brain structure and organization involved in later executive function.
“These results suggest that infancy is a sensitive period that is critical for establishing the foundations of brain structure and organization involved in the development of later executive function abilities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Chronic maltreatment further impairs executive function development.
“Moreover, chronic maltreatment further impairs executive function development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 30
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 14
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe study found that maltreated children differed in neurocognitive performance according to when maltreatment occurred and how long it lasted.
“Group differences between maltreated children based on the timing of maltreatment and the chronicity of maltreatment also were evident.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataWithin the maltreated group, neglect was coded for 66%, emotional maltreatment for 57%, physical abuse for 24%, sexual abuse for 7%, and multiple subtypes for 54%.
“In this maltreated sample, 66% had been neglected, 57% had experienced emotional maltreatment, 24% had been physically abused, and 7% of had been sexually abused. Within the maltreated sample, 11% of children did not have sufficient detail in the family DHS records to code subtype. Over half (54%) of maltreated children had experienced multiple subtypes of maltreatment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn the study sample, 153 children had experienced one or two maltreatment subtypes, while 34 had experienced three or more.
“In our sample, 153 children experienced one or two maltreatment subtypes, and only 34 children experienced three or more maltreatment subtypes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataChildren maltreated during one developmental period performed significantly better on inhibitory control/working memory than those maltreated during three or more periods, but not better than those maltreated during two periods.
“In addition, those who experienced maltreatment during one developmental period (M = .07, SD = .76) performed significantly better than those who experienced maltreatment during three or more developmental periods (p = .05), but not those who experienced maltreatment during two developmental periods (ns; see Figure 2 for chronicity of maltreatment means).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataNonmaltreated children performed significantly better on inhibitory control/working memory than children maltreated during three or more developmental periods, but not better than those maltreated during one or two periods.
“Post hoc follow up LSD tests revealed that the nonmaltreated comparison group performed significantly better than those children who experienced maltreatment during three or more developmental periods (M = −.42, SD = .96, p = .000), but not children who experienced maltreatment during one (M = .07, SD = .76, ns) or two developmental periods (M = .02, SD = .74, ns).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataNonmaltreated children performed significantly better on inhibitory control/working memory than children whose maltreatment began during infancy, but not better than those whose maltreatment began after infancy.
“Post hoc follow up LSD tests demonstrated that the nonmaltreated comparison children performed significantly better than those who experienced the onset of maltreatment during infancy (M = −.32, SD = .91, p = .000), but not those experienced the onset after infancy (M = .09, SD = .74, ns).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe authors infer that maltreatment in infancy, when major brain organization occurs, harms normative structure and function, and that chronic maltreatment in early childhood further entrenches these deficits.
“The results suggest that maltreatment occurring during infancy, a period of major brain organization, disrupts normative structure and function, and these deficits are further instantiated by the prolonged stress of chronic maltreatment during the early years of life.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationLower self-control in childhood predicts more negative adolescent outcomes, including higher odds of teenage parenthood and high school dropout.
“Children with lower self-control also are more vulnerable to negative developmental outcomes in adolescence, such as a greater likelihood of becoming a teenage parent or dropping out of high school (Moffitt et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Moffitt et al., 2011
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PremisecitationNeglect in early childhood has been linked to diffuse white matter organization in the adolescent prefrontal cortex, which in turn is associated with poorer performance on tasks of cognitive control, behavioral regulation, and spatial planning.
“Early child neglect has been shown to be related to diffuse organization of white matter microstructure in PFC in adolescents, and this has been associated with neurocognitive deficits on tasks that involve assessments of cognitive control, behavioral regulation, and spatial planning (Hanson et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hanson et al., 2013
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PremisecitationMaltreatment is common and widespread in the United States.
“Because maltreatment is a pervasive and prevalent occurrence in the United States (Sedlak et al., 2010), a clearer understanding of how it impacts self-control likely will have far reaching implications.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sedlak et al., 2010
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Study design and conductown dataGroup membership was masked from task administrators and videotape coders.
“The administrators and videotape coders were unaware of group membership of the children.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationInstitutionalized children showed the smallest correct-versus-error reactivity difference on the error-related negativity measure, suggesting slower or less accurate error processing than comparison children.
“Those with a history of being institutionalized also displayed the smallest difference in reactivity between correct and error trials via the error-related negativity (ERN) brain wave difference score, indicating that they processed mistakes more slowly or less accurately than their more fortunate counterparts (McDermott et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McDermott et al., 2012
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PremisecitationEarly development is a period of greater brain malleability, with the most growth and change occurring before birth and in the first year.
“Developmental neuroscientists generally agree that the brain is more malleable at early stages of development, with the greatest amount of growth and change happening prenatally and during the first year of life (Fox, Levitt, & Nelson, 2010; Stiles & Jernigan, 2010; Thompson & Nelson, 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Fox, Levitt, & Nelson, 2010
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- cites Stiles & Jernigan, 2010
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- cites Thompson & Nelson, 2001
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PremisecitationAdults with lower self-control tend to have worse physical health, more substance dependence, greater financial difficulties, and lower income.
“In a longitudinal study conducted with a cohort of 1,000 children, low self-control was associated with poorer physical health, increased substance dependence, greater financial struggles, and lower income in adulthood (Moffitt et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Moffitt et al., 2011
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PremisecitationIn animals, early stress has been linked to impaired prefrontal cortex function in rodents and to neurochemical changes in Bonnet macaques.
“In animal studies, early life stress has been found to be associated with compromised function of the prefrontal cortex in rodents (Sullivan, 2003) and neurochemical alterations in Bonnet macaques (Mathew et al., 2002).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Sullivan, 2003
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- cites Mathew et al., 2002
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PremisecitationRapid neuronal changes during the first year of life may explain why infancy maltreatment was associated with worse performance, as this period of neuronal growth is thought to heighten the brain's sensitivity to external perturbations.
“The rapid neuronal changes during the first year of life may provide one explanation for this difference, as this period of neuronal growth is thought to increase the brain’s sensitivity to external perturbations (Johnson, 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Johnson, 2011
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Study design and conductown dataThe two groups did not differ significantly in gender, minority racial/ethnic status, family income, socioeconomic status, or public assistance receipt.
“The demographic features were comparable between the nonmaltreated and maltreated children, including gender, χ2 (1, = 370), = .38, ns, (57.7% vs. 61.0% male), and minority race / ethnicity χ2 (1, N = 370) =.77. ns. (73.0% vs. 77.1%), for nonmaltreated and maltreated groups, respectively.”
- Also stated in: § Participants · plain
“The nonmaltreated and maltreated groups also were comparable in terms of family income (in thousands), t (354)=.78, ns. (M=19.01, SD=10.9 vs. M=18.11, SD=10.3), representation in the two lowest levels of the Hollingshead scale of socioeconomic status χ2 (1, N=360) =1.47. ns. (74.5% vs. 79.9%), and history of receipt of public assistance, χ2 (1, N=358) =.84, ns. (91.5% vs. 94.0%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § Participants · plain
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAccording to Johnson's Interactive Specialization model, certain cortical regions begin with broad functions and only become functionally efficient after adequate activation and competition with other regions.
“One general theory that may lend insight into why atypical activation occurs in these regions is Johnson’s proposed model of Interactive Specialization, which states that some cortical regions have broad functionality and their functions do not become well defined until, through a sufficient amount of activation and successful competition with other regions, they become functionally efficient (Joh”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Johnson, 2011
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSelf-control is regarded as a trait that remains fairly stable over the life course.
“Importantly, self-control is considered a relatively stable trait across the lifespan (Casey et al., 2011), and understanding whether and how self-control can be influenced during development represents a significant area for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers alike.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Casey et al., 2011
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe absence of maltreatment was confirmed through CPS and Preventive Services record searches and maternal MMCI interviews.
“Searches to assure the absence of CPS or Preventive Services records were conducted to confirm nonmaltreatment status. Nonmaltreatment status was further verified by maternal report, using the MMCI interview.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataBoth the onset and the duration of maltreatment have significant effects on cognitive control performance, including inhibitory control and working memory.
“A consideration of how both onset and duration of maltreatment significantly impact cognitive control performance (both inhibitory control and working memory) provides a rich account of how early experiences may inform the development of self-control processes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningThe child's age in months was entered as a continuous covariate in all subsequent analyses so that performance could be examined independently of age.
“To allow for an examination of cognitive performance over and above the effects of age, a participant’s age in months was included as a continuous covariate for all following analyses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenActions coded during sessions were later rechecked from videotapes, and any disagreements were settled by consensus.
“On-line coding of the participant’s and experimenter’s actions, such as response accuracy, was always rechecked by subsequent coding of the videotape to confirm accurate coding. Any discrepancies were resolved to consensus.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationMaltreatment in infancy is a clear case of early life stress that exceeds the infant's coping resources and increases stress at a sensitive developmental period.
“Maltreatment in infancy represents a clear case of early life stress, as it exceeds the infant’s coping resources and increases the amount of stress experienced at a sensitive period of development (Pechtel & Pizzagalli, 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pechtel & Pizzagalli, 2011
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenBefore testing, children had to show they understood the task rules, and data were usable only if they met the stated accuracy criteria.
“Before testing, the child had to first demonstrate an understanding of the directions by recognizing at least 1 “day” and 1 “night” card in a row. The child needed to have answered each rule correctly at least once during either the two practice trials or the first two trials of testing for his/her data to be considered usable.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe timing of adversity matters for the development of self-control, because children maltreated during infancy performed worse than those maltreated later in childhood.
“For example, discovering that children maltreated during infancy had significantly worse performance than children maltreated later in childhood indicates that timing of adversity matters in the development of self-control.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationPrior work has reported the Barnett et al. system to be reliable and valid for classifying maltreatment incidents and distinguishing subtypes.
“This system has been previously reported as reliable and valid in classifying incidents of maltreatment and in differentiating subtypes of maltreatment (e.g., Bolger & Patterson, 2001; Manly, Kim, Rogosch, & Cichetti, 2001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Bolger & Patterson, 2001
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Manly, Kim, Rogosch, & Cichetti, 2001 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataCoding of DHS records by trained staff achieved adequate reliability, with average ICCs between .82 and 1.0.
“Trained research staff coded the DHS records, and adequate reliability was obtained (average ICC’s ranged from .82 to 1.0).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationCompared with nonmaltreated children, foster care children had more diffuse activation, greater activation in the left inferior parietal lobule and right superior occipital cortex, and reduced activation in the anterior cingulate cortex.
“Foster care children showed more diffuse patterns of activation, and displayed stronger activation in the left inferior parietal lobule and the right superior occipital cortex; moreover, compared to nonmaltreated children, they also demonstrated less activation in regions typically associated with inhibitory control performance, such as the anterior cingulate cortex (Bruce et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bruce et al., 2013
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationA longer history of maltreatment results in prolonged stress on the child's neuroendocrine and immune systems and possible neural reorganization to optimize survival in a deprived environment.
“A longer history of maltreatment results in prolonged period of stress on the child’s neuroendocrine and immune systems and possible neural reorganization to optimize survival in a deprived and difficult environment (Johnson, 2011; Teicher et al., 2003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Johnson, 2011
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Teicher et al., 2003
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe study was cross-sectional and assessed children at only one point in time.
“A limitation of the current investigation is the cross-sectional nature of the design with assessment of children at only one point in time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Study design and conductnone givenThe nonmaltreated comparison children were matched on socioeconomic status.
“may be indistinguishable from their SES-matched nonmaltreated counterparts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationNumerous interconnected neurobiological systems are affected by stressors associated with child maltreatment.
“Numerous interconnected neurobiological systems are affected by the various stressors associated with child maltreatment (DeBellis, 2001, 2005; Hart & Rubia, 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites DeBellis, 2001, 2005
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Hart & Rubia, 2012
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataEarly onset of maltreatment significantly predicted inhibitory control and working memory performance, and chronicity of maltreatment also did.
“Early onset of maltreatment not only significantly predicted inhibitory control and working memory performance, but also so did the chronicity of maltreatment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationJoint attention presents an infant with the experience that cues, such as eye gaze, are important for knowing what to attend to.
“In fact, a phenomena like joint attention, in which an infant and caregiver both attend to the same stimuli (Tomasello, 1995), presents an infant with the experience that cues, such as eye gaze, are important for knowing what to attend to in his/her environment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tomasello, 1995
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe density of synapses in the prefrontal cortex increases slowly over development, and prolonged maltreatment may compromise synaptogenesis.
“The density of the synapses in the prefrontal cortex increases slowly over the course of development, and the experience of prolonged maltreatment may compromise synaptogenesis (Johnson, 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Johnson, 2011
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataIf maltreatment occurred only during one developmental period, the child's inhibitory control and working memory capacities remained intact, resembling a nonmaltreated child's profile more than that of a chronically maltreated child.
“For example, if maltreatment occurred solely during one period of development, then the child’s inhibitory control and working memory capacities remained intact, more closely resembling a nonmaltreated child’s profile than that of a child who experienced chronic maltreatment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Best practices for promoting self-control, and the key developmental periods for doing so, are not yet established.
“Yet knowledge on best practices for fostering self-control, including a focus on critical time points for nurturing optimal development, must still be identified.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Early childhood maltreatment produces cascading effects across neurobiological, social, emotional, and cognitive domains.
“Maltreatment in early childhood has been shown to have cascading effects on neurobiological, social, emotional, and cognitive development.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The maltreated children are representative of county DHS service families in terms of low income and minority racial/ethnic status.
“The maltreated sample was representative of families receiving services at the country DHS with respect to low-income and minority racial/ethnic status.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The DHS records used provide accurate information about when maltreatment occurred, how long it lasted, and its subtype.
“Maltreatment status was determined through a detailed examination of Child Protective Service (CPS) and Preventive Services records at DHS.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Children who passed the pretests conceptually understood the tasks.
“Initially, chi-squared analyses were conducted to assess performance differences on tasks that include pre-tests in order to ascertain whether children conceptually understand the task.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Children who passed 67% of the motor control/attention tasks had a general understanding of the tasks.
“This allowed for the assumption that children had a general understanding of the tasks.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The line bisection task measures spatial perception.
“The line bisection task measures spatial perception.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The number of developmental periods in which maltreatment occurred is a valid index of chronicity.
“The number of developmental periods in which the child was maltreated was used as an index of chronicity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Maltreatment onset during infancy versus after infancy is a valid index of timing.
“Onset of maltreatment was examined in relation to the ICWM. Children whose maltreatment onset occurred during infancy (n = 101) were differentiated from those children whose maltreatment onset occurred after infancy (n = 86).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Each neurobiological system influences and is influenced by multiple domains of biological and psychological development.
“Moreover, each of these neurobiological systems influences and is influenced by multiple domains of biological and psychological development.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The child-caregiver relationship plays an important role because the precursor of higher cognition during infancy is connecting an act to a consequence.
“The child-caregiver relationship may also play an important role because the precursor of higher cognition during infancy is connecting an act to a consequence.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Childhood trauma exposure during specific phases of development is important to later neurobiological functioning.
“An emerging literature also suggests childhood trauma exposure during specific phases of development is important to later neurobiological functioning (Andersen et al., 2008; Cowell et al., 2015; Gee and Casey, 2015; Kuhlman et al., 2015)”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Cowell et al., 2015
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(354) = 0.78reported n.s. · recomputed p = .436
“t (354)=.78, ns.”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 0.84reported n.s. · recomputed p = .359
“χ2 (1, N=358) =.84, ns.”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 8.174reported p = .004 · recomputed p = .004
“χ2 (1, N= 65) = 8.174, p = .004”
- ConsistentF(5, 358) = 29.92reported p = 0 · recomputed p < .001
“F (5, 358) = 29.92, p = .00”
- ConsistentF(1, 357) = 0.192reported p = .662 · recomputed p = .662
“F (1, 357) = .192, p = .662”
- ConsistentF(1, 369) = 0reported p = .998 · recomputed p = 1.000
“F (1, 369) = .00, p = .998”
- ConsistentF(1, 358) = 1.427reported p = .233 · recomputed p = .233
“F (1, 358) = 1.427, p = .233”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Age-four failure percentages cannot come from the stated sample size
MinorWith integer group sizes totaling 65, the two failure rates cannot both round to 76.3% and 40.9%. Within that sample-size limit, 76.3% requires a denominator of 38 or 59, while 40.9% requires 22 or 44; no pair totals 65.
“At age four, maltreated children (76.3%) failed to pass the Tapping Task significantly more often than the nonmaltreated comparison children (40.9%)”
“(χ2 (1, N= 65) = 8.174, p = .004; see Figure 1 for group failure rates on the Tapping Task).”
Motor-control ANCOVA has too many residual degrees of freedom
MinorThe initial sample contains 370 children. Even if every child were included, an ANCOVA with a group effect and an age covariate could have at most 367 residual degrees of freedom, rather than 369.
“A one-way between factors ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed no significant differences between the maltreatment children (M = −.00, SD = .58) and the nonmaltreated comparison children (M = −.00, SD = .61) on the motor control/attention composite (F (1, 369) = .00, p = .998, eta2 = .00).”
“The sample included 228 maltreated low-SES children (89 females, 139 males) and 142 nonmaltreated low-SES comparison children (60 females, 82 males)”
Chronicity ANCOVA residual degrees of freedom exceed those allowed by its groups
MinorThe three maltreated groups contain 187 children; adding the stated nonmaltreated group of 136 gives 323. An ANCOVA with four groups and an age covariate would have 318 residual degrees of freedom, not 322.
“A one-way ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed a significant effect for the number of developmental periods in which maltreatment occurred (F (3, 322) = 4.385, MSE = .330, p = .005).”
“Three separate maltreatment groups were generated, including those who experienced maltreatment during one developmental period (n = 68), two developmental periods (n = 47), or three or more developmental periods (n = 72).”
Subtype comparison has the wrong numerator degrees of freedom
MinorThe reported test compares two maltreatment groups with a nonmaltreated group. An omnibus group effect across three groups has two numerator degrees of freedom, not the reported one.
“A one-way ANCOVA with age as a covariate revealed a significant effect for the number of maltreatment subtypes (F (1, 322) = 5.890, MSE = .330, p = .003).”
“Both maltreatment groups were compared to the nonmaltreated comparison group (n = 136).”
Task categories add up to nine, not ten
MinorThe stated categories contain 3 + 4 + 2 = 9 tasks, whereas the sentence says all children were tested on 10.
Reported 10 · recomputed 9
“All children were tested on 10 tasks (three working memory and inhibition tasks, four memory tasks, and two motor tasks).”
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BackgroundInfluentialThe basics of brain development
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Self-citationII. NIH TOOLBOX COGNITION BATTERY (CB): MEASURING EXECUTIVE FUNCTION AND ATTENTION
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“These areas were determined by the underlying neural structures implicated in these tasks (see Diamond et al., 1997).”
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“…research, consistent with the developmental psychopathology principle that the study of normal and abnormal development are mutually influential (Cicchetti & Toth, 2009, in press), also will inform the broader field of self-control research by providing additional support for the importance of…”
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Mischel, W., Ayduk, O., Berman, M. G., Casey, B. J., Gotlib, I. H., Jonides, J., Kross, E., Teslovich, T., Wilson, N. L., Zayas, V., et al. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq081 · Cited by 595 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Childhood performance has been shown to be correlated with adult performance, up to 40 years later (Casey et al., 2011; Eigsti et al., 2006; Mischel et al., 2010).”
BackgroundTHORNBERRY, T. P., IRELAND, T. O., & SMITH, C. A. (2001) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579401004114 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Chugani, H. T., Behen, M. E., Muzik, O., Juhász, C., Nagy, F. T., & Chugani, D. C. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0917 · Cited by 577 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, in children internationally adopted from institutions, current research has shown patterns of reduced glucose metabolism in regions of the frontal cortex, including the orbitofrontal gyrus and infralimbic PFC, compared to noninstitutionalized youth (Chugani et al, 2001).”
BackgroundDevelopmental Cascades [Special Issue, Part 1]
Masten, A. S., & CICCHETTI, D. V. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopmental science and the media: Early brain development.
Thompson, R. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.1.5 · Cited by 556 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Developmental neuroscientists generally agree that the brain is more malleable at early stages of development, with the greatest amount of growth and change happening prenatally and during the first year of life (Fox, Levitt, & Nelson, 2010; Stiles & Jernigan, 2010; Thompson & Nelson, 2001).”
BackgroundDe Bellis, M. D. (2005) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559505275116 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Sedlak, A. J., Mettenburg, J., Basena, M., Petta, I., McPherson, K. S., Greene, A., & Li, S. (2010) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e565022012-001 · Cited by 510 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Because maltreatment is a pervasive and prevalent occurrence in the United States (Sedlak et al., 2010), a clearer understanding of how it impacts self-control likely will have far-reaching implications.”
BackgroundA sensorimotor paradigm for Bayesian model selection
Genewein, T., & Braun, D. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00291 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Cicchetti, D., & Valentino, K. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939406.ch4 · Cited by 469 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Given the findings on the deleterious effects of maltreatment during infancy (Cicchetti & Lynch, 1993; Cicchetti & Valentino, 2006), it will be particularly important to focus on how best to provide intervention to these vulnerable infants in hopes of diverting them from a negative to a more…”
BackgroundSelf-citationDevelopment and self-regulatory structures of the mind
Cicchetti, D., & Tucker, D. (1994) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400004673 · Cited by 429 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Researchers, clinicians, and policymakers would benefit from a clearer understanding of how perturbations to one’s early environment may disrupt the ability to self-regulate later on (Cicchetti & Tucker, 1994).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDevelopmental Pathways from Child Maltreatment to Peer Rejection
Bolger, K. E., & Patterson, C. J. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00296 · Cited by 384 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This system has been previously reported as reliable and valid in classifying incidents of maltreatment and in differentiating subtypes of maltreatment (e.g., Bolger & Patterson, 2001; Manly, Kim, Rogosch, & Cichetti, 2001).”
MethodTurk, J., GRAHAM, P. J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199216697.003.0004 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Predicting Cognitive Control From Preschool to Late Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Eigsti, I.-M., Zayas, V., Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., Ayduk, O., Dadlani, M. B., Davidson, M. C., Aber, J. L., & Casey, B. J. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01732.x · Cited by 365 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Childhood performance has been shown to be correlated with adult performance, up to 40 years later (Casey et al., 2011; Eigsti et al., 2006; Mischel et al., 2010).”
BackgroundThe Development of Executive Function in Childhood
Cragg, L. (2008) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/7437.003.0041 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Attachment organization in maltreated preschoolers
Cicchetti, D., & Barnett, D. (1991) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007598 · Cited by 284 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with other samples of maltreated children as well as the nature of child maltreatment (Barnett et al., 1993; Cicchetti & Barnett, 1991).”
ResultSelf-citationEarly neglect is associated with alterations in white matter integrity and cognitive functioning
Hanson, J. L., Adluru, N., Chung, M. K., Alexander, A. L., Davidson, R. J., & Pollak, S. D. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12069 · Cited by 276 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Early child neglect has been shown to be related to diffuse organization of white matter microstructure in PFC in adolescents, and this has been associated with neurocognitive deficits on tasks that involve assessments of cognitive control, behavioral regulation, and spatial planning (Hanson et al., 2013).”
BackgroundA Comparison of the Electroencephalogram between Institutionalized and Community Children in Romania
Marshall, P. J., Fox, N. A., & Group, B. C. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929042304723 · Cited by 268 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Children with an early history of institutionalization also exhibit lower levels of electrical brain activity than their same-aged counterparts (Marshall & Fox, 2004).”
BackgroundBlair, C., Family Life Project Investigators, Raver, C. C., & Berry, D. J. (2013) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033647 · Cited by 235 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Specific working-memory, inhibitory control, and attentionalcognitive abilities comprise executive functions in the developmental cognitive neuroscience literature (Blair et al., 2014; Zelazo & Bauer, 2013).”
BackgroundConsidering normal and abnormal together: The essence of developmental psychopathology
Sroufe, L. A. (1990) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400005769 · Cited by 206 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It is generally understood that early adverse life experiences, such as the occurrence of child maltreatment, often carry long-lasting consequences (Cicchetti & Valentino, 2006; Sroufe, 1990; Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, & Collins, 2005).”
BackgroundHandbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Peters, K. (1998) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-199804000-00011 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Two-year-olds use pragmatic cues to differentiate reference to objects and actions
(1995) · doi:10.1016/0885-2014(95)90009-8 · Cited by 196 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A phenomena such as joint attention, in which an infant and caregiver both attend to the same stimuli (Tomasello & Akhtar, 1995), presents an infant with the experience that cues, such as eye gaze, are important for knowing what to attend to in his or her environment.”
BackgroundEarly adversity and neural correlates of executive function: Implications for academic adjustment
McDermott, J. M., Westerlund, A., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (2012) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.09.008 · Cited by 146 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…also displayed the smallest difference in reactivity between correct and error trials via the error-related negativity brain wave difference score, indicating that they processed mistakes more slowly or less accurately than their more fortunate counterparts (McDermott et al., 2012).”
Editorial: Operationalizing child maltreatment: Developmental processes and outcomes
Cicchetti, D., & Manly, J. T. (2001) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579401004011 · Cited by 103 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Childhood maltreatment represents a complex stressor, with the developmental timing, duration, frequency, and type of maltreatment varying with each child (Barnett, Manly, & Cicchetti, 1993; Cicchetti & Manly, 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDeveloping a Sense of Safety: The Neurobiology of Neonatal Attachment
Sullivan, R. M. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.130.013 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Neural activity-dependent brain changes in development: Implications for psychopathology
Courchesne, E., Chisum, H. J., & Townsend, J. (1994) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400004740 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Bruce, J., Fisher, P. A., Graham, A. M., Moore, W. E., Peake, S. J., & Mannering, A. M. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941300028x · Cited by 65 · cited 2× · see citing works
“A recent functional magnetic resonance imaging study of maltreated children in foster care showed atypical neuronal activation during an inhibitory control task (Bruce et al., 2013).”
BackgroundDimensionality of brain networks linked to life-long individual differences in self-control
Berman, M. G., Yourganov, G., Askren, M. K., Ayduk, Ö. N., Casey, B. J., Gotlib, I. H., Kross, E. F., McIntosh, A. R., Strother, S. C., Wilson, N. L., et al. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms2374 · Cited by 59 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Self-control may be expressed differently across the life span; however, continuity in similar self-control tasks across different developmental periods has been empirically supported (Berman et al., 2013; Casey et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMathew, S. J., Coplan, J. D., Smith, E. L., Scharf, B., Owens, M. J., Nemeroff, C. B., Mann, J. J., Gorman, J. M., & Rosenblum, L. A. (2002) · Stress · doi:10.1080/1025389021000010521 · Cited by 44 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In animal studies, early life stress has been found to be associated with compromised function of the PFC in rodents (Sullivan, 2003) and neurochemical alterations in Bonnet macaques (Mathew et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSpeech-action coordination in young children.
Balamore, U., & Wozniak, R. H. (1984) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.20.5.850 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Fox, N. A. (2013) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12044 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Zelazo, P. D., & Patricia, J. (2013) · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Sullivan, R. M. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1301.013 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The neurobiology of maltreatment and adolescent violence
McCrory, E. J. P., & Viding, E. M. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60842-2 · Cited by 32 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Multiple brain regions and neural circuits are disrupted by the experience of child maltreatment (Cicchetti & Toth, in press; DeBellis et al., 2002; McCrory & Viding, 2010; Teicher, Anderson, & Polcari, 2012).”
BackgroundDiamond, A., & Taylor, C. (1996) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2302(199605)29:4 · cited 1×
“The tapping task (Diamond & Taylor, 1996) required the child to engage simultaneously in two processes.”
Method
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 68 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- 10.1111/mono.12032 · DOI · Paper page
- Cicchetti, Handbook of child psychology and developmental science: Vol. 3. Socioemotional process
- Cicchetti, 2003, Maternal Maltreatment Classification Interview
- Barnett, 1993, Child abuse, child development, and social policy, 7
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lippard, E. T. C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010020 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
“(60) investigated the timing and duration of childhood maltreatment in 223 maltreated children between the ages of 3 and 9 and found that children who were maltreated during in-”
BackgroundResilience in Development: Progress and Transformation
Masten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2016) · Developmental Psychopathology · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy406 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Self-citationStress and the adolescent brain
Tottenham, N., & Galván, A. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.030 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Sheridan, M. A., Peverill, M., Finn, A. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001390 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Herzberg, M. P., & Gunnar, M. R. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116493 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Child maltreatment and the development of substance use and disorder
Cicchetti, D., & Handley, E. D. (2019) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.100144 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
“Finally, Cowell et al. (2015) showed that children maltreated in infancy demonstrated worse performance on neurocognitive tasks involving cognitive control compared to children who were maltreated later in development.”
BackgroundSelf-citationKuhlman, K. R., Chiang, J. J., Horn, S., & Bower, J. E. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.020 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“…suggests childhood trauma exposure during specific phases of development is important to later neurobiological functioning (Andersen et al., 2008; Cowell et al., 2015; Gee and Casey, 2015; Kuhlman et al., 2015a,b), and is critical to our understanding of how biological systems develop under…”
Neurobiological development in the context of childhood trauma.
Cross, D., Fani, N., Powers, A. D., & Bradley, B. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12198 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
“Exposure to childhood trauma is associated with relative impairments in each of these processes (Cowell et al., 2015; De Prince, Weinzierl, & Combs, 2009; Gould et al., 2012; Kavanaugh & Holler, 2014; Nikulina & Widom, 2013; Nolin & Ethier, 2007; Skowron, Cipriano-Essel, Gatzke-Kopp, Teti, &…”
Johnson, D., Policelli, J., Li, M., Dharamsi, A., Hu, Q., Sheridan, M. A., McLaughlin, K. A., & Wade, M. (2021) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2511 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Child Maltreatment and Developmental Psychopathology: A Multilevel Perspective
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy311 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationWarmingham, J. M., Handley, E. D., Rogosch, F. A., Manly, J. T., & Cicchetti, D. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.08.013 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“We did not address specific developmental timing of maltreatment, a documented factor impacting child functioning (Cowell et al., 2015; Manly et al., 1994; Villodas et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationKavanaugh, B. C., Dupont-Frechette, J. A., Jerskey, B. A., & Holler, K. A. (2016) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2015.1079712 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“Further, Cowell et al. (2015) found that maltreatment during infancy was associated with lower inhibitory control and working memory, while there were no identified executive weaknesses (compared to healthy controls) in those children who only experienced maltreatment during one developmental…”
BackgroundInfluentialRapid infant prefrontal cortex development and sensitivity to early environmental experience
Hodel, A. S. (2018) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2018.02.003 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Long-term consequences of childhood maltreatment: altered amygdala functional connectivity
Jedd, K., Hunt, R. H., Cicchetti, D., Hunt, E., Cowell, R. A., Rogosch, F. A., Toth, S. L., & Thomas, K. M. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000954 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationGee, D. G. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21090944 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Su, Y., D’Arcy, C., Yuan, S., & Meng, X. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.026 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“Psychopathology has been associated with neurocognitive deficits (Cowell et al., 2015), and early life maltreatment significantly associates”
BackgroundRussotti, J. M., Warmingham, J. M., Duprey, E. B., Handley, E. D., Manly, J. T., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105215 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Buffering of Stress in Development: A Career Perspective
Gunnar, M. R. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616680612 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Executive functions in trauma-exposed youth: a meta-analysis
den Kelder, R. O., van den Akker, A. L., Geurts, H. M., Lindauer, R., & Overbeek, G. J. (2018) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1450595 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“The earlier and the more prolonged the trauma exposure has been, the stronger the impact of trauma exposure is (e.g. Cook et al., 2005; Bruce et al., 2014; Cowell et al., 2015; Teicher & Samson, 2016).”
BackgroundChildhood adversity impacts on brain subcortical structures relevant to depression
Frodl, T., Janowitz, D., Schmaal, L., Tozzi, L., Dobrowolny, H., Stein, D. J., Veltman, D. J., Wittfeld, K., van Erp, T. G. M., Jahanshad, N., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.11.010 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the CTQ does not assess crucial time windows to adverse experiences during development (Cowell et al., 2015) and might be influenced by recall bias, which might have affected our results.”
ResultBarzilay, R., Calkins, M. E., Moore, T. M., Wolf, D. H., Satterthwaite, T. D., Scott, J. C., Jones, J. D., Benton, T. D., Gur, R. C., & Gur, R. E. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718000880 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Resilience Following Child Maltreatment: Definitional Considerations and Developmental Variations
Yoon, S., Howell, K. H., Dillard, R., McCarthy, K. S., Napier, T. R., & Pei, F. (2019) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838019869094 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Decades of research have produced a vast body of literature on positive and negative functioning that individuals exhibit following exposure to child maltreatment (Cowell et al., 2015; Keiley, Howe, Dodge, Bates, & Pettit, 2001).”
BackgroundBiological bases of suicidal behaviours: a narrative review
Lengvenyte, A., Conejero, I., Courtet, P., & Olié, E. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14635 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., Hecht, K. F., Crick, N. R., & Hetzel, S. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941400042x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationSchär, S., Mürner-Lavanchy, I., Schmidt, S. J., Koenig, J., & Kaess, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.100987 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Jackson, Y., McGuire, A., Tunno, A. M., & Makanui, P. K. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.016 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Sturge‐Apple, M. L., Davies, P. T., Cicchetti, D., Hentges, R. F., & Coe, J. L. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000407 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationHodgdon, H., Spinazzola, J., Briggs, E. C., Liang, L.-J. F., Steinberg, A. M., & Layne, C. M. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.05.021 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Thibodeau, E. L., Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941500098x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationGerin, M. I., Puetz, V. B., Blair, J., White, S. F., Sethi, A., Hoffmann, F., Palmer, A. L., Viding, E. M., & McCrory, E. J. P. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941700133x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Immediate impact of child maltreatment on mental, developmental, and physical health trajectories.
Winter, S., Dittrich, K., Dörr, P., Overfeld, J., Moebus, I., Murray, E., Karaboycheva, G., Zimmermann, C., Knop, A., Voelkle, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13550 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Revictimization Risk Factors Following Childhood Maltreatment: A Literature Review
Walker, H. E., & Wamser‐Nanney, R. A. (2022) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380221093692 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“…dysregulation, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance misuse (Fang et al., 2012; Pratchett & Yehuda, 2011; Young & Widom, 2014), as well as smaller brain volumes (Spies et al., 2016), lower IQ and academic dif fi culties (Cowell et al., 2015), and behavioral problems (Howell et al., 2016).”
BackgroundGoodman, R. (2017) · Advances in Social Work · doi:10.18060/21312 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Lippard, E., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2023) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.19010020 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Childhood trauma moderates inhibitory control and anterior cingulate cortex activation during stress
Zhai, Z. W., Yip, S. W., Lacadie, C., Sinha, R., Mayes, L. C., & Potenza, M. N. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.049 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“…in processing affective information, including emotional salience, motivation, and regulation of affective responses, and has been linked to psychiatric symptoms of anxiety and phobias (Bush et al., 2000; Devinsky et al., 1995; Drevets and Raichle, 1998; Vogt et al., 1992; Whalen et al., 1998).”
Matsuyama, Y., Fujiwara, T., Aida, J., Watt, R. G., Kondo, N., Yamamoto, T., Kondo, K., & Osaka, K. (2016) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12246 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Cooke, E. M., Connolly, E. J., Boisvert, D. L., & Hayes, B. E. (2021) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380211021613 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Consistent with previous work (Bousman et al., 2017; Cowell et al., 2015), this study found several inconsistencies regarding the measurement of both CM and ACEs.”
ResultKaul, D., Schwab, S. G., Mechawar, N., & Matosin, N. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.025 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Doelman, E. H. J., Luijk, M. P. C. M., Marshall, I. H., Jongerling, J., Enzmann, D., & Steketee, M. (2021) · European Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/14773708211013300 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“This is consistent with other studies that show that adolescents with a background of child maltreatment tend to have lower levels of self-control (Cowell et al., 2015; Lovallo, 2013; Pears et al., 2010; Stevens et al., 2016; Walters, 2018) and moral norms that are less in line with the law (Toth…”
Harms, M. B., Birn, R. M., Provençal, N., Wiechmann, T., Binder, E. B., Giakas, S. W., Roeber, B. J., & Pollak, S. D. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941700147x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Kirsch, D. E., Nemeroff, C. B., & Lippard, E. (2020) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-020-00005-7 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The Role of Epistemic Trust in Mentalization-Based Treatment of Borderline Psychopathology
Nolte, T., Hutsebaut, J., Sharp, C., Campbell, C., Fonagy, P., & BATEMAN, A. W. (2023) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2023.37.5.633 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
González, R. A., Vélez‐Pastrana, M. C., McCrory, E. J. P., Kallis, C., Aguila, J., CANINO, G. J., & Bird, H. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01659-0 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Tinajero, R., Williams, P., Cribbet, M. R., Rau, H., Silver, M. A., Bride, D. L., & Suchy, Y. (2020) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2938 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Exposure to early childhood maltreatment and its effect over time on social cognition
Crawford, K. M., Choi, K., Davis, K. A., Zhu, Y., Soare, T. W., Smith, A. D. A. C., Germine, L. T., & Dunn, E. C. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942000139x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Sun, D., Haswell, C. C., Morey, R. A., & Bellis, M. D. D. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000093 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Capretto, J. J. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517704963 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Tracy, M., Salo, M., & Appleton, A. A. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.09.023 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Young‐Southward, G., Eaton, C., O’Connor, R. C., & Minnis, H. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104603 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Ji, S., & Wang, H. (2018) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-018-0107-y · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Lee, E., Kirkland, K., Miranda‐Julian, C., & Greene, R. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.004 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The body keeps the score: The neurobiological profile of traumatized adolescents
Laricchiuta, D., Panuccio, A., Picerni, E., Biondo, D., Genovesi, B., & Petrosini, L. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105033 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The neurological and neuropsychological effects of child maltreatment
Cabrera, C. J., Torres, H., & Harcourt, S. (2020) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101408 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Demers, L. A., Hunt, R. H., Cicchetti, D., Cohen‐Gilbert, J. E., Rogosch, F. A., Toth, S. L., & Thomas, K. M. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421000055 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationChildhood Maltreatment and BMI Trajectory: The Mediating Role of Depression
Sacks, R. M., Takemoto, E. E., Andrea, S. B., Dieckmann, N. F., Bauer, K. W., & Boone‐Heinonen, J. (2017) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.07.007 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Herzberg, M. P., Hodel, A. S., Cowell, R. A., Hunt, R. H., Gunnar, M. R., & Thomas, K. M. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.08.022 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“lumes, and deficits in decision-making ability and cognitive performance (Cowell et al., 2015; Hanson et al., 2015; Trickett et al., 2011; Weller and Fisher, 2013).”
Self-citationMatte-Landry, A., Bolduc, M.-È. G., Tanguay-Garneau, L., Collin‐Vézina, D., & Ouellet‐Morin, I. (2022) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380221111484 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“For instance, Cowell et al. (2015) found that children maltreated during infancy had poorer EF than those maltreated after this period.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBell, M. F., Bayliss, D. M., Glauert, R. A., & Ohan, J. L. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.12.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…subject to repeated or persistent maltreatment exhibit more emotional, behavioral, and social problems (Jaffee & Maikovich-Fong, 2011; Manly et al., 2001) and lower cognitive ability (Cowell et al., 2015; Jaffee & Maikovich-Fong, 2011) than children who have been maltreated at one time point only.”
BackgroundWhitcombe‐Dobbs, S., & Tarren‐Sweeney, M. (2019) · Developmental Child Welfare · doi:10.1177/2516103219893383 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Thus, the developmental consequences of maltreatment are shaped by transactional interactions over time between the individual and their environment (Cowell et al., 2015).”
BackgroundWade, M., Madigan, S. L., Plamondon, A., Rodrigues, M., Browne, D. T., & Jenkins, J. M. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000493 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Bounoua, N., Miglin, R., Spielberg, J. M., & Sadeh, N. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102321 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
den Kelder, R. O., Ensink, J. B. M., Overbeek, G. J., Marić, M., & Lindauer, R. (2017) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-017-1535-3 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Considering that EF develops across childhood and adolescence [11], we hypothesized that EF is more likely to be impacted by complex trauma than by single trauma [21, 26, 27].”
BackgroundHodgdon, H., Liebman, R. E., Martin, L., Suvak, M. K., Beserra, K., Rosenblum, W., & Spinazzola, J. (2018) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22267 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Childhood Maltreatment and Early Developmental Vulnerabilities at Age 5 Years
Green, M. J., Tzoumakis, S., McIntyre, B., Kariuki, M., Laurens, K. R., Dean, K., Chilvers, M., Harris, F. A. J., Butler, M., Brinkman, S. A., et al. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12928 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Palamarchuk, I. S., & Vaillancourt, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2022.782154 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Children are particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of psychological stress because the emotional and cognitive adjustment problems occur during a time when neuronal development is taking place (e.g., Sowell et al., 2004; Zhu et al., 2011; Cowell et al., 2015; Caballero et al., 2016).”
BackgroundRose, E. J., Picci, G., & Fishbein, D. H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00399 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Wei, X., & Lu, W. D. (2023) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12150 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
(2024) · doi:10.7554/elife.92700 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…and characterization of the adverse childhood experiences (i.e. onset, developmental timing, controllability, e.g. Cloitre et al., 2009 ; Cowell et al., 2015 ), including subjective evaluations ( Baldwin et al., 2019 ; Danese and Widom, 2020 ; Pollak and Smith, 2021 ), rather than…”
BackgroundEnormes professionelles Unverständnis gegenüber Traumatisierten
Gerke, J., Rassenhofer, M., & Fegert, J. M. (2018) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1668320 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Measuring types and timing of childhood maltreatment: The psychometric properties of the KERF-40+
Seitz, K. I., Gerhardt, S., von Schroeder, C., Panizza, A., Thekkumthala, D., Bertsch, K., Herpertz, S. C., Schmahl, C. G., & Schalinski, I. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273931 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…of childhood maltreatment, such as alterations in brain structure, function, and connectivity [25–32], aberrant neurocognitive functioning [33, 34], deviant endocrine regulation as indicated by hair cortisol concentration [35], sleep disruptions [36], and different forms of psychopathology…”
BackgroundLocascio, M., Infurna, M. R., Guarnaccia, C., Mancuso, L., Bifulco, A. T., & Giannone, F. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518794512 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Executive Functioning Among College Students With and Without History of Childhood Maltreatment
Daly, B., Hildenbrand, A., Turner, E., Berkowitz, S., & Tarazi, R. A. (2017) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1317685 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…childhood maltreatment have extended beyond assessments of intelligence and academic functioning (Jaffee & Maikovich-Fong, 2011) to examine its impact on executive functions (EF) at various developmental stages across the lifespan (Cowell et al., 2015; Nikulina & Widom, 2013; Spann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAinamani, H., Rukundo, G. Z., Nduhukire, T., Ndyareeba, E., & Hecker, T. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-021-00373-7 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“However, it is important to note that most studies on cognitive impairment in individuals exposed to maltreatment are based on cross-sectional data [10, 68, 73, 74].”
BackgroundHallowell, E. S., Oshri, A., Liebel, S. W., Liu, S., Duda, B., Clark, U. S., & Sweet, L. H. (2019) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559519835975 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Condon, E. M., Tobón, A. L., Holland, M. L., Slade, A., Mayes, L. C., & Sadler, L. S. (2021) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559521999097 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“emotion regulation, threat detection, inhibitory control) that may impair the development of mentalizing capacities in childhood and lead to poor reflective functioning in adulthood (Cowell et al., 2015; Fonagy & Target, 1997; Slade, 2005; Teicher et al., 2016).”
BackgroundPsychometric properties of the Violent Experiences Questionnaire
King, A. R., & Russell, T. D. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.02.008 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The age of occurrence scales of the VEQ-R could prove useful in extending important research regarding the impact of the developmental period when abuse occurs (Cowell et al., 2015; Keiley et al., 2001; Thornberry et al., 2010).”
BackgroundShin, S. H., Chung, Y., & Rosenberg, R. D. (2016) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13038 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“For instance, emerging studies have suggested that health and behavioral outcomes of child maltreatment are partially dependent on the timing of each maltreatment episode (Cowell et al., 2015, Thornberry et al., 2010).”
BackgroundExecutive function measures in early childhood screening: concurrent and predictive validity
Kalstabakken, A. W., Desjardins, C. D., Anderson, J. E., Berghuis, K. J., Hillyer, C. K., Seiwert, M. J., Carlson, S. M., Zelazo, P. D., & Masten, A. S. (2021) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.05.009 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A Trauma-Informed Approach to Youth Suicide Prevention and Intervention
Tunno, A. M., Inscoe, A. B., Goldston, D. B., & Asarnow, J. R. (2021) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2021.1923089 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Conversely, development can be delayed due to the combined psychosocial and neurobiological impact of the trauma exposure (Cicchetti & Toth, 2016; Cowell et al., 2015; Perry, 2008; Pynoos et al., 2009).”
BackgroundHeterogeneity in caregiving-related early adversity: Creating stable dimensions and subtypes
Nikolaidis, A., Heleniak, C. M., Fields, A., Bloom, P. A., VanTieghem, M., Vannucci, A., Camacho, N. L., Choy, T., Gibson, L., Harmon, C., et al. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001668 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Melville, A. (2017) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-017-0161-0
“2007) and difficulties with inhibitory control and working memories (Cicchetti et al. 2015).”
BackgroundDemers, L. A., Handley, E., Hunt, R. H., Rogosch, F., Toth, S., Thomas, K., & Cicchetti, D. (2019) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559519847770 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationAbused Children Experience High Anger Exposure
Plate, R. C., Bloomberg, Z., Bolt, D. M., Bechner, A. M. P., Roeber, B. J., & Pollak, S. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00440 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Differential executive functioning in young adulthood as a function of experienced child abuse
Mark, C. A., Poltavski, D., Petros, T. V., & King, A. R. (2018) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.12.004 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lopez‐Quintero, C., Granja, K., Hawes, S. W., Duperrouzel, J. C., Pacheco‐Colón, I., & González, R. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.05.010 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Martin, M., Lachman, J. M., Wamoyi, J., Shenderovich, Y., Wambura, M., Mgunga, S., Ndyetabura, E., Ally, A., Barankena, A., Exavery, A., et al. (2021) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-021-00154-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Byrd, A. L., Tung, I., Manuck, S. D., Vine, V., Horner, M. S., Hipwell, A. E., & Stepp, S. D. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000462 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…assessments with our overarching goal of evaluating an index of threat exposure that was (a) comprehensive (McLaughlin et al., 2014b; Sheridan & McLaughlin, 2014) and (b) reflected the critical dimension of chronicity (Cowell et al., 2015; Jaffee & Maikovich-Fong, 2011; Manly et al., 2001).”
Kolar, D. R., Monteleone, A. M., Cascino, G., Ertl, S., Meule, A., Naab, S., & Voderholzer, U. (2024) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-024-01172-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…2017), child mal-treatment may work as an exogenous trigger that promotes long-lasting changes in neurocognitive and emotion regulation processes (Cowell et al., 2015; Gruhn & Compas, 2020) which then lead to more psychological symptoms but also diminished adolescents’ abilities to achieve…”
BackgroundBounoua, N., & Sadeh, N. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105877 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Motz, M., Andrews, N. C. Z., Bondi, B. C., Leslie, M., & Pepler, D. J. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16214197 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“IPV and early experiences of trauma and violence in relationships can have a profound impact on the development of self-regulation and executive functioning strategies [14,15].”
BackgroundNyvold, O., Nygaard, E., Augusti, E., & Tamnes, C. K. (2021) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2021.1979950 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Previous studies indicate that abuse taking place early in life or over a prolonged period has a more severe impact on cognitive functioning than abuse with later onset or abuse, which is not chronic (Cowell et al., 2015).”
BackgroundServicio Penitenciario Federal, A., Deambrosio, M., Gutiérrez, M., Universidad Adventista del Plata, A., Filippetti, V. A., Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Conicet), A., Román, F., & Universidad de la Costa, C. Y. F. H. (2017) · Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Niñez y Juventud · doi:10.11600/1692715x.16114 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Martin, M. J., Davies, P. T., Cummings, E. M., & Cicchetti, D. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000402 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Difficulties in regulating impulses, engaging in strategic planning, flexibly tailoring responses to environmental input, and marshalling attentional resources are all proposed to broadly increase children’s risk for self-regulation difficulties (Cowell et al., 2015; Hofmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMentalization-Based Training Program for Child Care Workers in Residential Settings
Domon-Archambault, V., Terradas, M. M., Drieu, D., de Fleurian, A., Achim, J., Poulain, S., & Oulidi, J. J. (2019) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-019-00269-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Building Healthy Children: A preventive intervention for high-risk young families
Demeusy, E. M., Handley, E. D., Manly, J. T., Sturm, R., & Toth, S. L. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420001625 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationSullivan, T. J., Feinstein, B. A., Marshall, A. D., & Mustanski, B. S. (2017) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000249 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“While there is little evidence that different types of traumatic experiences are associated with different outcomes (Cowell et al., 2015; Vachon, Krueger, Rogosch, & Cicchetti, 2015), it is not yet known whether identity-related traumatic experiences have a different impact on relationship…”
BackgroundChildhood Sexual Abuse and Lifetime Aggression
Norton-Baker, M., Wolff, J. M., Kolander, T. W., Evans, M., & King, A. R. (2019) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2019.1607963 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“CSA associations were expected to be stronger among respondents who reported abuse at younger ages (Cowell et al., 2015) and/or recurrently over time (Thornberry et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCohodes, E. M., Sisk, L. M., Keding, T. J., Mandell, J. D., Notti, M. E., & Gee, D. G. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000822 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…important in predicting symptomatology, in line with past theoretical and empirical work documenting the importance of timing of exposure (Cowell et al., 2015; Fox et al., 2010; Gee & Casey, 2015; Lupien et al., 2009; Manly et al., 2001; Tottenham & Sheridan, 2010), the S t r e ss o r c…”
Roos, L. E., Giuliano, R. J., Beauchamp, K. G., Berkman, E. T., Knight, E. L., & Fisher, P. A. (2019) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21915 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“This would provide an important candidate mech‐ anism for helping to explain links between cognitive function with both chronic stress and parenting behavior (Cowell et al., 2015; Fay‐ Stammbach et al., 2014; Pechtel & Pizzgalli, 2011).”
BackgroundFilippi, I., Hoertel, N., Artiges, E., Airagnes, G., Guérin-Langlois, C., Seigneurie, A., Frere, P., Dubol, M., Guillon, F., Lemaître, H., et al. (2019) · European psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.08.003 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cowell, R. A., Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Rochester (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cowell, Raquel A.
- Cicchetti, Dante
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2015-05
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 521-533
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC4443870
- OpenAlex
- W2254866800
- Cited by
- 307
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 27.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Minnesota
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh083979-04)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01‐MH083979)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA017741)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32HD007151)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- child abuse, neurocognitive function, inhibitory control, working memory, developmental timing, infancy, early childhood, stress, cognitive impairment
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Brain, Child, Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests
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