Developmental neurobiology of cognitive control and motivational systems.
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One form of cognitive control is the ability to resist temptation in favor of long-term goal-oriented behavior. Historically, the development of cognitive control capacity has been described by a linear function from infancy to adulthood. However, the context in which control is required impacts behavioral regulation abilities, such that emotionally charged or rewarding contexts can diminish control. More recently, studies have begun to examine the development of cognitive control in contexts that vary in motivation. These studies suggest specific windows of development in which cognitive control capacity is more vulnerable to incentive-based modulation. In this review we highlight the most recent work on neurobiological changes supporting motivational and cognitive development, underscoring the importance of functional organization and development of the underlying circuitry implicated in these processes, and provide a theoretical perspective that moves away from discussing singular functional regions toward considering functional circuitry.
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Dynamic interactions between frontostriatal and ventral striatal circuitry across development are thought to mediate adolescents' reduced ability to resist approaching potential rewards.
“Based on nonhuman and human work to date, we specifically targeted frontostriatal and ventral striatal circuitry as candidate regions whose dynamic interactions across development are thought to mediate adolescents' reduced ability to resist approaching potential rewards (Somerville & Casey, 2010).”
From Frontostriatal maturation predicts cognitive control failure to appetitive cues in adolescents (2011) · cites this paper as Somerville & Casey, 2010
Findings from Van Leijenhorst et al. 2006, Galvan et al. 2006, and Somerville et al. 2010 support stronger recruitment of striatal function relative to orbitofrontal function in adolescents compared with adults.
“Collectively, the findings of Van Leijenhorst et al. (2006), Galvan et al. (2006), and Somerville et al. (2010) support a stronger recruitment of striatal function relative to OFC function, in adolescents relative to adults.”
From A systematic review of fMRI reward paradigms used in studies of adolescents vs. adults: The impact of task design and implications for understanding neurodevelopment (2013) · cites this paper as Somerville et al. (2010)
In Somerville et al. 2010, right inferior frontal gyrus was not modulated by whether the face was neutral or happy.
“This region was not modulated by the valence of the face (neutral vs. happy).”
From A systematic review of fMRI reward paradigms used in studies of adolescents vs. adults: The impact of task design and implications for understanding neurodevelopment (2013) · cites this paper as Somerville et al. (2010)
In Somerville et al. 2010, ventral striatal activation, particularly to happy faces, was greater in adolescents than in adults or children.
“Findings revealed greater ventral striatal (Tal −4, 11, −9) activation, particularly to happy faces, in adolescents than either adults or children.”
From A systematic review of fMRI reward paradigms used in studies of adolescents vs. adults: The impact of task design and implications for understanding neurodevelopment (2013) · cites this paper as Somerville et al. (2010)
In Somerville et al. 2010, right inferior frontal gyrus activation decreased linearly with age, but this correlation disappeared after controlling for performance.
“A linear decrease in rIFG activation with age was also reported, but this correlation with age vanished after controlling for performance.”
From A systematic review of fMRI reward paradigms used in studies of adolescents vs. adults: The impact of task design and implications for understanding neurodevelopment (2013) · cites this paper as Somerville et al. (2010)
During test preparation in tasks requiring inhibitory responses, internally generated action, or a manual response, striatal activation during reward trials was greater in adolescents than adults.
“during test preparation in tasks requiring inhibitory responses/internally generated action (e.g., antisaccade as in Geier et al., 2009b), or a manual response (e.g., Somerville et al., 2010), striatal activation during reward trials was greater in adolescents than in adults.”
From A systematic review of fMRI reward paradigms used in studies of adolescents vs. adults: The impact of task design and implications for understanding neurodevelopment (2013) · cites this paper as Somerville et al., 2010
During the actual cognitive or motor stage, prefrontal cortical regions including inferior frontal gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were more active in youths than adults on non-rewarded trials.
“During the actual cognitive/motor stage, prefrontal cortical regions (IFG and DLPFC) were more active in youths than in adults on non-rewarded trials (Somerville and Casey, 2010; Van Leijenhorst et al., 2006).”
From A systematic review of fMRI reward paradigms used in studies of adolescents vs. adults: The impact of task design and implications for understanding neurodevelopment (2013) · cites this paper as Somerville and Casey, 2010
Developmental mismatch or imbalance models posit that during adolescence prefrontal development lags behind limbic structures such as the amygdala, ventral striatum and orbitofrontal cortex.
“For example, several researchers have posited a ‘developmental mismatch’ or ‘imbalance’ between neural systems supporting emotional reactivity and regulation such that during adolescence the development of prefrontal regions lags behind that of limbic structures such as the amygdala, ventral striatum (VS) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (e.g. Casey et al., 2008, Somerville and Casey, 2010, Steinber”
From Neurocognitive bases of emotion regulation development in adolescence (2015) · cites this paper as Somerville and Casey, 2010
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Untitled work
American Psychological Association (n.d.) · American Psychological Association
- Authors
- Somerville, L. H., & Casey, B.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Somerville, Leah H
- Casey, BJ
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 236-241
- ISSN
- 0959-4388 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3014528
- OpenAlex
- W1966241122
- Cited by
- 634
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 2.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH62196, P50MH062196)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA018879, R01DA018879, DA007274, T32DA007274)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- cognitive control, developmental neuroscience, motivation, delay discounting, behavioral regulation, emotional context, reward context, goal-directed behavior, cognitive development
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Aging, Animals, Brain, Child, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Motivation, Neural Pathways, Reward, Executive Function
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