Accelerated reaction of nitric oxide with O 2 within the hydrophobic interior of biological membranes
Open accessAbstract
We demonstrate herein dramatic acceleration of aqueous nitric oxide (NO) reaction with O2 within the hydrophobic region of either phospholipid or biological membranes or detergent micelles and demonstrate that the presence of a distinct hydrophobic phase is required. Per unit volume, at low amounts of hydrophobic phase, the reaction of NO with O2 within the membranes is approximately 300 times more rapid than in the surrounding aqueous medium. In tissue, even though the membrane represents only 3% of the total volume, we calculate that 90% of NO reaction with O2 will occur there. We conclude that biological membranes and other tissue hydrophobic compartments are important sites for disappearance of NO and for formation of NO-derived reactive species and that attenuation of these potentially damaging reactions is an important protective action of lipid-soluble antioxidants such as vitamin E.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
HS- is a powerful nucleophile, exceeded only by hydrazine.
“While H2S itself is relatively unreactive, the thiolate ion (HS -) is a powerful nucleophile [36], exceeded only by hydrazine (H2N-NH2), which is a 'super nucleophile' because of the α-effect [39].”
From On the chemical biology of the nitrite/sulfide interaction (2015) · cites this paper as [36]
Cites
Solubilization of membranes by detergents.
Helenius, A., & Simons, K. (1975) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta · doi:10.1016/0304-4157(75)90016-7 · Cited by 2,690 · see citing works
Redox signaling: Nitrosylation and related target interactions of nitric oxide
Stamler, J. S. (1994) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90269-0 · Cited by 1,723 · see citing works
Phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Formation and physical characteristics
Huang, C.-H. (1969) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00829a048 · Cited by 1,528 · see citing works
DNA Deaminating Ability and Genotoxicity of Nitric Oxide and its Progenitors
Wink, D. A., Kasprzak, K. S., Maragos, C. M., Elespuru, R. K., Misra, M., Dunams, T. M., Cebula, T. A., Koch, W. H., Andrews, A. W., Allen, J. S., et al. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1948068 · Cited by 1,235 · see citing works
Simulation of the diffusion and reaction of endogenously produced nitric oxide.
Lancaster, J. R. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.17.8137 · Cited by 689 · see citing works
Self-citationHelenius, A., McCaslin, D. R., Fries, E., et al. (1979) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(79)56066-2 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Nitric Oxide: A New Paradigm for Second Messengers
Kerwin, J. F., Lancaster, J. R., & Feldman, P. L. (1995) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm00022a001 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantitation of nitrate and nitrite in extracellular fluids
Grisham, M. B., Johnson, G. G., & Lancaster, J. R. (1996) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(96)68026-4 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Self-citationWood, J., & Garthwaite, J. (1994) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(94)90022-1 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
A Tutorial on the Diffusibility and Reactivity of Free Nitric Oxide
Lancaster, J. R. (1997) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1006/niox.1996.0112 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Self-citationAutoxidation kinetics of aqueous nitric oxide
Ford, P. C., Wink, D. A., & Stanbury, D. M. (1993) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)81748-o · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Diffusion of Nitric Oxide in the Aorta Wall Monitored in Situ by Porphyrinic Microsensors
Malinski, T., Taha, Z., Grunfeld, S., Patton, S. R., Kapturczak, M., & Tomboulian, P. (1993) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.1735 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Acceleration of Peroxynitrite Oxidations by Carbon Dioxide
Uppu, R. M., Squadrito, G. L., & Pryor, W. A. (1996) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.1996.0131 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Pryor, W. A., & Lightsey, J. W. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.214.4519.435 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Borutaitė, V., & Brown, G. C. (1996) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3150295 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Loss and Degradation of Enzyme-bound Heme Induced by Cellular Nitric Oxide Synthesis
Kim, Y., Bergonia, H. A., Müller, C., Pitt, B. R., Watkins, W. D., & Lancaster, J. R. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.11.5710 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citationPerhydroxyl radical (HOO.) initiated lipid peroxidation. The role of fatty acid hydroperoxides
Aikens, J., & Dix, T. A. (1991) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98591-1 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Kinetic Analysis of the Fate of Nitric Oxide Synthesized by Macrophages in Vitro
Lewis, R. S., Tamir, S., Tannenbaum, S. R., & Deen, W. M. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.49.29350 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Lipids and the Steroid Hormones in Clinical Medicine
(1961) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.37.427.291-a · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Endogenously formed N-nitroso compounds and nitrosating agents in human cancer etiology
Bartsch, H., Ohshima, H., Pignatelli, B., & Calmels, S. (1992) · Pharmacogenetics · doi:10.1097/00008571-199212000-00005 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Solubility of nitric oxide in aqueous and nonaqueous solvents
Shaw, A. W., & VOSPER, A. J. (1977) · Journal of the Chemical Society Faraday Transactions 1 Physical Chemistry in Condensed Phases · doi:10.1039/f19777301239 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Autoxidation of NO in aqueous solution
Awad, H. H., & Stanbury, D. M. (1993) · International Journal of Chemical Kinetics · doi:10.1002/kin.550250506 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Concentration of oxygen in lipid bilayers using a spin-label method
Subczynski, W. K., & Hyde, J. S. (1983) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(83)84439-7 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
LIPIDS AND THE STEROID HORMONES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE
Sunderman, F. W., & Sunderman, F. W. (1961) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-196105000-00033 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Peroxynitrite-induced apoptosis in human intestinal epithelial cells is attenuated by mesalamine
Sandoval, M., Liu, X., Mannick, E. E., Clark, D., & Miller, M. (1997) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/gast.1997.v113.pm9352850 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citation[22] DNA Damage and genotoxicity by nitric oxide
Tamir, S., deRojas-Walker, T., Wishnok, J. S., & Tannenbaum, S. R. (1996) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(96)69025-9 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Navarrete, R., & Serrano, R. (1983) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/0005-2736(83)90512-6 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Tsuchiya, T., & Saito, S. (1984) · The Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a134989 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Physical and chemical interactions between nitric oxide and nitroxides
Singh, R. J., Hogg, N., Mchaourab, H. S., et al. (1994) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/0304-4165(94)90073-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Reaction between Nitric Oxide and α-Tocopherol: A Reappraisal
Hogg, N., Singh, R. J., Goss, S. P. A., et al. (1996) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.1086 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Biochemical, Pharmacological, and Clinical Aspects of Nitric Oxide
Weissman, B. A., Allon, N., & Shapira, S. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1903-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
S-Nitrosothiols: Correlation of Biological Chemistry with Physiological Actions
Stamler, J. S. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1903-4_7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Nitrosation of dialkylamines in the presence of bile acid conjugates.
Kim, Y. K., Tannenbaum, S. R., & Wishnok, J. S. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease
Pacher, P., Beckman, J. S., & Liaudet, L. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00029.2006 · Cited by 6,390 · see citing works
Protein S-nitrosylation: Purview and parameters
Hess, D. T., Matsumoto, A., Kim, S.-O., Marshall, H. E., & Stamler, J. S. (2005) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm1569 · Cited by 2,153 · see citing works
The chemical biology of nitric oxide: Implications in cellular signaling
Thomas, D. D., Ridnour, L. A., Isenberg, J. S., Flores-Santana, W., Switzer, C. H., Donzelli, S., Hussain, P., Vecoli, C., Paolocci, N., Ambs, S., et al. (2008) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.03.020 · Cited by 975 · see citing works
Self-citationThomas, D. D., Liu, X., Kantrow, S. P., & Lancaster, J. R. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.1.355 · Cited by 760 · see citing works
Self-citationNitric oxide and mitochondrial respiration
Brown, G. C. (1999) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/s0005-2728(99)00025-0 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Nitric oxide metabolism and breakdown
Kelm, M. (1999) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/s0005-2728(99)00020-1 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Tarpey, M. M., Wink, D. A., & Grisham, M. B. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00361.2003 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Nitrogen dioxide and carbonate radical anion: two emerging radicals in biology
Augusto, O., Bonini, M. G., Amanso, A. M., Linares, E., Santos, C. C. X., & De Menezes, S. L. (2002) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00786-4 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Mechanistic aspects of the reactions of nitric oxide with transition-metal complexes
Ford, P. C., & Lorkovic, I. M. (2002) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr0000271 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Biological aspects of reactive nitrogen species
Patel, R. P., McAndrew, J., Sellak, H., White, C. R., Jo, H., Freeman, B. A., & Darley-Usmar, V. M. (1999) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/s0005-2728(99)00028-6 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Interactions of oxidants with vascular signaling systems
Wolin, M. S. (2000) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.20.6.1430 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Nitrite as Regulator of Hypoxic Signaling in Mammalian Physiology
van Faassen, E. E., Bahrami, S., Feelisch, M., Hogg, N., Kelm, M., Kim‐Shapiro, D. B., Kozlov, A. V., Li, H., Lundberg, J. O., Mason, R., et al. (2009) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.20151 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Life history of eNOS: partners and pathways
DUDZINSKI, D., & MICHEL, T. (2007) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.03.023 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Fukuto, J. M., Carrington, S. J., Tantillo, D. J., Harrison, J. G., Ignarro, L. J., Freeman, B. A., Chen, A., & Wink, D. A. (2012) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx2005234 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
What is the real physiological NO concentration in vivo?
Hall, C. N., & Garthwaite, J. (2009) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2009.07.002 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
The chemistry of nitroxyl (HNO) and implications in biology
Miranda, K. M. (2005) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2004.08.010 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Ridnour, L. A., Thomas, D. D., Mancardi, D., Espey, M. G., Miranda, K. M., Paolocci, N., Feelisch, M., Fukuto, J., & Wink, D. A. (2004) · Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1515/bc.2004.001 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Self-citationMitochondria: regulators of signal transduction by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
Brookes, P. S., Levonen, A.-L., Shiva, S., Sarti, P., & Darley-Usmar, V. M. (2002) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00901-2 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Miranda, K. M., Paolocci, N., Katori, T., Thomas, D. D., Ford, E., Bartberger, M. D., Espey, M. G., Kass, D. A., Feelisch, M., Fukuto, J. M., et al. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1430507100 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Self-citationInteractions Between Nitric Oxide and Lipid Oxidation Pathways: Implications for Vascular Disease
O’Donnell, V. B., & Freeman, B. A. (2001) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.88.1.12 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
S-Nitrosothiols: cellular formation and transport
Zhang, Y., & Hogg, N. (2005) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.12.016 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Nitric Oxide in Macrophage Immunometabolism: Hiding in Plain Sight
Palmieri, E. M., McGinity, C., Wink, D. A., & McVicar, D. W. (2020) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo10110429 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
The chemistry of cell signaling by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and 4-hydroxynonenal
Forman, H. J., Fukuto, J. M., Miller, T., Zhang, H., Rinna, A., & Levy, S. (2008) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2008.06.011 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Baker, P. R. S., Schopfer, F. J., Sweeney, S., & Freeman, B. A. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0402587101 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Protein <i>S</i> -Nitrosylation and Cardioprotection
Sun, J., & Murphy, E. (2010) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.109.209452 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Cooper, C. E., & Giulivi, C. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00310.2006 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Signaling and stress: The redox landscape in NOS2 biology
Thomas, D. D., Heinecke, J. L., Ridnour, L. A., Cheng, R. Y., Kesarwala, A. H., Switzer, C. H., McVicar, D. W., Roberts, D. D., Glynn, S., Fukuto, J. M., et al. (2015) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.002 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Pathobiochemistry of Nitrogen Dioxide
Kirsch, M., Korth, H.-G., Sustmann, R., & Groot, H. D. (2002) · Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1515/bc.2002.043 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Switzer, C. H., Glynn, S. A., Cheng, R. Y.-S., Ridnour, L. A., Green, J. E., Ambs, S., & Wink, D. A. (2012) · Molecular Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0124 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Regulation of xanthine oxidase by nitric oxide and peroxynitrite
Lee, C.-I., Liu, X., & Zweier, J. L. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.275.13.9369 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationReactions of NO and nitrite with heme models and proteins
Ford, P. C. (2010) · Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ic902073z · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Brookes, P., & Darley-Usmar, V. M. (2002) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00805-x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The role of iNOS in alcohol-dependent hepatotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction in mice
Venkatraman, A., Shiva, S., Wigley, A., Ulasova, E., Chhieng, D., Bailey, S. M., & Darley-Usmar, V. M. (2004) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.20326 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
On the chemical biology of the nitrite/sulfide interaction
Cortese-Krott, M. M., Fernandez, B. O., Kelm, M., Butler, A. R., & Feelisch, M. (2015) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2014.12.009 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Shiva, S., Oh, J.-Y., Landar, A. L., Ulasova, E., Venkatraman, A., Bailey, S. M., & Darley-Usmar, V. M. (2005) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.10.037 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Crawford, J. H., Chacko, B. K., Pruitt, H. M., Piknova, B., Hogg, N., & Patel, R. P. (2004) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2004-03-0880 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Lim, D. G., Sweeney, S., Bloodsworth, A., White, C. R., Chumley, P. H., Krishna, N. R., Schopfer, F., O'Donnell, V. B., Eiserich, J. P., & Freeman, B. A. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.232409599 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Kinetic Analysis of Intracellular Concentrations of Reactive Nitrogen Species
Lim, C. H., Dedon, P. C., & Deen, W. M. (2008) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx800213b · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Mitochondria as metabolizers and targets of nitrite
Shiva, S. (2010) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2009.09.002 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Tyrosine-nitrated proteins: Proteomic and bioanalytical aspects
Batthyány, C., Bartesaghi, S., Mastrogiovanni, M., Lima, A., Demicheli, V., & Radi, R. (2017) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2016.6787 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Iijima, K. (2003) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgg168 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Bueno, M., Wang, J., Mora, A. L., & Gladwin, M. T. (2013) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2012.4833 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Nitric oxide red blood cell membrane permeability at high and low oxygen tension
Huang, K. T., Huang, Z., & Kim-Shapiro, D. B. (2007) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2006.11.002 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Winter, J. W., Paterson, S., Scobie, G., Wirz, A., Preston, T., & McColl, K. E. L. (2007) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.04.047 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
On the Biologic Role of the Reaction of NO with Oxidized Cytochrome <i>c</i> Oxidase
Antunes, F., Boveris, A., & Cadenas, E. (2007) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2007.1677 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Nitric oxide/cGMP/CREB pathway and amyloid-beta crosstalk: From physiology to Alzheimer’s disease
Tropea, M. R., Gulisano, W., Vacanti, V., Arancio, O., Puzzo, D., & Palmeri, A. (2022) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.11.022 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Formation of nitric oxide from nitrous acid in ischemic tissue and skin
Butler, A. R., & Ridd, J. H. (2004) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2004.01.004 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Fat transforms ascorbic acid from inhibiting to promoting acid-catalysed <i>N-</i> nitrosation
Combet, E., Paterson, S., Iijima, K., Winter, J., Mullen, W., Crozier, A., Preston, T., & McColl, K. E. L. (2007) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2007.128587 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Nedospasov, A. A. (2002) · Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jbt.10029 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Unraveling the <b> <i>S</i> </b> ‐nitrosoproteome: Tools and strategies
López‐Sánchez, L. M., Muntané, J., de la Mata, M., & Rodríguez‐Ariza, A. (2009) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.200800546 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Nitric oxide as a regulator of B. anthracis pathogenicity
Popova, T. G., Teunis, A., Vaseghi, H., Zhou, W., Espina, V., Liotta, L. A., & Popov, S. G. (2015) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00921 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Liu, X., Miller, M. J. S., Joshi, M. S., Thomas, D. D., & Lancaster, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1998-03-03
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 2175-2179
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC19287
- OpenAlex
- W2077103811
- Cited by
- 602
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 18.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (7r01hd031885-06)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK36935, R01DK046935)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD-31885)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
- Keywords
- nitric oxide, biological membranes, phospholipid membranes, detergent micelles, lipid-soluble antioxidants, vitamin E, nitric oxide scavenging
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Fractionation, Cell Membrane, Detergents, Kinetics, Liver, Membrane Lipids, Micelles, Models, Chemical, Nitric Oxide, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxygen, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
