Visuo-Spatial Working Memory Span: A Sensitive Measure of Cognitive Deficits in Children With ADHD
Abstract
Working memory (WM) has been hypothesised to be impaired in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, there are few studies reported on tests measuring visuo-spatial WM (VSWM) in ADHD. Some of these studies used paradigms including episodic memory, others only used low memory loads. In the present study we used a VSWM test that has not been used previously in ADHD research. The sensitivity of the VSWM test and a choice reaction time (CRT) test was evaluated in a pilot study by comparing them to two commonly used tests in ADHD-research; the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and a Go/no-go test, in children with and without ADHD. The groups differed significantly in performance on the VSWM test (P < .01) and CRT (P < .05) but not on the CPT (P > .1) or on the Go/no-go test (P > .1). The results from the VSWM and CRT tests were replicated in a larger sample of participants (80 boys; 27 boys with ADHD and 53 controls, mean age 11.4 years). The difference between the groups was significant for both the VSWM test (P < .01) and the CRT test (P < .01). The effect size (ES) of the VSWM test was 1.34. There was a significant age-by-group interaction on the VSWM test, with larger group differences for the older children (P < .01). Our results show that the VSWM test is a sensitive measure of cognitive deficits in ADHD and it supports the hypothesis that deficits in VSWM is a major component of ADHD.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Low working memory capacity co-occurs with learning disabilities including dyslexia and ADHD.
“Furthermore, low WM capacity is comorbid with learning disabilities such as dyslexia and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (Westerberg, Hirvikoski, Forssberg, & Klingberg, 2004).”
From Working memory training in typically developing children: A multilevel meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Westerberg et al., 2004
Cites
Fuster, J. M. (1997) · Cited by 2,095 · see citing works
Circuitry of Primate Prefrontal Cortex and Regulation of Behavior by Representational Memory
Goldman‐Rakic, P. S. (1987) · Comprehensive Physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp010509 · Cited by 1,960 · see citing works
Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes
Castellanos, F. X., & Tannock, R. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn896 · Cited by 1,827 · see citing works
Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?!
Kyllonen, P. C., & Christal, R. E. (1990) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(05)80012-1 · Cited by 1,810 · see citing works
Modulation of memory fields by dopamine Dl receptors in prefrontal cortex
Williams, G. V., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/376572a0 · Cited by 1,593 · see citing works
Training of Working Memory in Children With ADHD
Klingberg, T., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H. (2002) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.24.6.781.8395 · Cited by 1,225 · see citing works
Self-citationEngle, R. W., Kane, M. J., & Tuholski, S. W. (1999) · Models of Working Memory · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174909.007 · Cited by 1,195 · see citing works
Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene.
Cook, E. H., Stein, M. A., Krasowski, M. D., Cox, N. J., Olkon, D. M., Kieffer, J. E., & LEVENTHAL, B. L. (1995) · PubMed Central · Cited by 990 · see citing works
The Role of Working Memory in Visual Selective Attention
de Fockert, J. W., Rees, G., Frith, C. D., & Lavie, N. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1056496 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
Processing Speed, Working Memory, and Fluid Intelligence: Evidence for a Developmental Cascade
Fry, A. F., & Hale, S. (1996) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00366.x · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Klingberg, T., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902317205276 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Self-citationBarkley, R. A. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.121.1.65 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Symptom profiles in children with ADHD: effects of comorbidity and gender.
Newcorn, J. H., Halperin, J., Jensen, P. S., Abikoff, H., Arnold, L. E., Cantwell, D., Conners, C., Elliott, G., Epstein, J. N., Greenhill, L. L., et al. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200102000-00008 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Losier, B. J., McGrath, P. J., & Klein, R. M. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01494.x · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Kuntsi, J., Oosterlaan, J., & Stevenson, J. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00711 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the frontal lobe syndrome
Shue, K. L., & Douglas, V. I. (1992) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/0278-2626(92)90064-s · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Mariani, M. A., & Barkley, R. A. (1997) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565649709540671 · Cited by 316 · cited 6× · see citing works
“The tests with the highest ES, Barnett et al. (2001) (ES¼ 1.06) and Mariani and Barkley (1997) (ES¼ 0.89) share some features.”
BackgroundInfluentialTannock, R., Ickowicz, A., & Schachar, R. J. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199507000-00012 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Facilitation of Working Memory in Humans by a D2 Dopamine Receptor Agonist
Luciana, M. M., Depue, R. A., Arbisi, P. A., & Leon, A. S. (1992) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1992.4.1.58 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Psychiatric, Psychosocial, and Cognitive Functioning of Female Adolescents With ADHD
RUCKLIDGE, J. J., & TANNOCK, R. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200105000-00012 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
The Go—No‐Go paradigm in attention deficit disorder
Trommer, B. L., Hoeppner, J. B., Lorber, R., & Armstrong, K. J. (1988) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410240504 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Differential Assessment of Attention and Impulsivity in Children
Halperin, J. M., Wolf, L. E., Pascualvaca, D. M., Newcorn, J. H., Healey, J. M., O'BRIEN, J. D., MORGANSTEIN, A., & Young, J. G. (1988) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198805000-00010 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Barnett, R. L., Maruff, P. T., Vance, A. L. A., LUK, E. S. L., Costin, J., Wood, C., & Pantelis, C. (2001) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291701004172 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Working memory in childhood-onset schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Karatekin, C., & Asarnow, R. F. (1998) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(98)00061-4 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Hale, S., Bronik, M. D., & Fry, A. F. (1997) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.33.2.364 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Korkman, M., & Pesonen, A.-E. (1994) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221949402700605 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Eye Movement Task Related to Frontal Lobe Functioning in Children with Attention Deficit Disorder
Ross, R. G., Hommer, D. W., Breiger, D., Varley, C. K., & Radant, A. D. (1994) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199407000-00013 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
A new PET ligand for the dopamine transporter: studies in the human brain.
Volkow, N. D., Ding, Y., Fowler, J. S., Wang, G., Logan, J., Gatley, S. J., Schlyer, D. J., & Pappas, N. R. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Rapport, M. D., Chung, K., Shore, G., Denney, C. B., & Isaacs, P. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2904_8 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Schachar, R. J., Logan, G. D., Wachsmuth, R., & Chajczyk, D. (1988) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00914169 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 31 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD – a randomized, controlled trial
Klingberg, T., Fernell, E., Olesen, P. J., Johnson, M., Gustafsson, P., Dahlström, K., Gillberg, C. G., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200502000-00010 · Cited by 1,949 · see citing works
Self-citationIs working memory training effective?
Shipstead, Z., Redick, T. S., & Engle, R. W. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0027473 · Cited by 1,101 · see citing works
“By the account of Westerberg et al. (2004), performance on this task should reflect the ability to sustain attention, and improvement would thus signal a decrease in inattentive symptoms.”
BackgroundNagy, Z., Westerberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929041920441 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
Self-citationMacDonald, S. W. S., Nyberg, L., & Bäckman, L. (2006) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2006.06.011 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Reaction time variability in ADHD: A meta-analytic review of 319 studies
Kofler, M. J., Rapport, M. D., Sarver, D. E., Raiker, J. S., Orban, S. A., Friedman, L. M., & Kolomeyer, E. G. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.06.001 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
DIAMOND, A. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050388 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
“Another primary characteristic of a large subset of children with ADD is very slow reaction time and speed of processing ~e.g., Barkley, Grodzinsky, & DuPaul, 1992; Holdnack, Moberg, Arnold, & Gur, 1995; Weiler, Holmes–Bernstein, Bellinger, & Waber, 2000; Westerberg et al., 2004!.”
BackgroundKasper, L. J., Alderson, R. M., & Hudec, K. L. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.07.001 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Development of a superior frontal–intraparietal network for visuo-spatial working memory
Klingberg, T. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.11.019 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
“The capacity measured with this task develops throughout childhood and early adulthood, and task performance is also a sensitive measure of the cognitive deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Martinussen, Hayden, Hogg-Johnson, & Tannock, 2005; Westerberg et al., 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNoreika, V., Falter, C. M., & Rubia, K. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.036 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
A Controlled Trial of Working Memory Training for Children and Adolescents with ADHD
Beck, S. J., Hanson, C. A., Puffenberger, S. S., Benninger, K. L., & Benninger, W. B. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2010.517162 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Restraint and cancellation: multiple inhibition deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Schachar, R., Logan, G. D., Robaey, P., Chen, S., Ickowicz, A., & Barr, C. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9075-2 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Nutley, S. B., Söderqvist, S., Bryde, S., Thorell, L. B., Humphreys, K., & Klingberg, T. (2011) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01022.x · Cited by 284 · see citing works
“The tests used to assess the memory domain were: a visuo-spatial grid task (Bergman Nutley, Sçderqvist, Bryde, Humphreys & Klingberg, 2010; Westerberg et al., 2004), the Odd One Out from the Automated Working Memory Assessment (AWMA; Alloway, 2007) and the Word Span test (Thorell & W hlstedt, 2006).”
MethodSelf-citationChanges in cortical activity after training of working memory — a single-subject analysis
Westerberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.041 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citationBrieber, S., Neufang, S., Bruning, N., Kamp‐Becker, I., Remschmidt, H., Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., Fink, G. R., & Konrad, K. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01799.x · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Cogmed working memory training: Does the evidence support the claims?
Shipstead, Z., Hicks, K. L., & Engle, R. W. (2012) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.06.003 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
“Klingberg and colleagues (Westerberg et al., 2004) interpret this variability as an indication that children with ADHD cannot allocate attention to a task consistently.”
BackgroundSpencer‐Smith, M. M., & Klingberg, T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119522 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
“For example, teacher ratings on the Attentional Control scale from the DuPaul ADHD rating scale rather than teacher ratings on the Total score from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire were included in analyses [34].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationDarki, F., & Klingberg, T. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht352 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“Impaired WM capacity is associated with several developmental neuropsychiatric and learning disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Nigg 2001; Westerberg et al. 2004; Martinussen et al. 2005) and dyscalculia (McLean and Hitch 1999; Camos 2008; Szucs et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationStimulus-dependent dopamine release in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Sikström, S., & Söderlund, G. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.1047 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Computerized training of working memory in a group of patients suffering from acquired brain injury
Lundqvist, A., Grundström, K., Samuelsson, K., & Rönnberg, J. (2010) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2010.498007 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Vestergaard, M., Madsen, K. S., Baaré, W. F. C., Skimminge, A., Ejersbo, L. R., Ramsøy, T. Z., Gerlach, C., Åkeson, P., Paulson, O. B., & Jernigan, T. L. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21592 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
“Executive functions like working memory are considered essential for performing goal-oriented behaviors, and SWM deficits have been associated with behavioral disorders in children such as autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Corbett, Constantine, Hendren, Rocke, & Ozonoff, 2009 ; Goldberg et al…”
BackgroundAttention and executive functions profile in drug naive ADHD subtypes
Pasini, A., Paloscia, C., Alessandrelli, R., Porfirio, M. C., & Curatolo, P. (2007) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2006.11.010 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Brain Activity Related to Working Memory and Distraction in Children and Adults
Olesen, P. J., Macoveanu, J., Tegner, J. N., & Klingberg, T. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl014 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
“Working memory (WM) capacity (Gathercole 1999; Fry and Hale 2000; Luna and others 2004; Westerberg and others 2004) and the ability to ignore interference (Tipper and others 1989; Dempster 1992; Hale and others 1997; Ridderinkhof and others 1997) increase during childhood development.”
Self-citationEffects of working memory training on functional connectivity and cerebral blood flow during rest
Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Nouchi, R., Hashizume, H., Sekiguchi, A., Kotozaki, Y., Nakagawa, S., Miyauchi, C. M., Sassa, Y., & Kawashima, R. (2013) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2012.09.007 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“…with reduced WMC, which include Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and aging (Baddeley, 2003; Broyd et al., 2009; Goldman-Rakic, 1994; Sambataro et al., 2010; Steele et al., 2007; Westerberg et al., 2004; Wingfield et al., 1988).”
BackgroundMethodInfluence of the COMT genotype on working memory and brain activity changes during development
Dumontheil, I., Roggeman, C., Ziermans, T., Peyrard-Janvid, M., Matsson, H., Kere, J., & Klingberg, T. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.027 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“visuospatial WM impairments (65), lead to increased cortical thick-”
Self-citationBrocki, K., Nyberg, L., Thorell, L., & Bohlin, G. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01811.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Working memory training in typically developing children: A multilevel meta-analysis
Sala, G., & Gobet, F. (2020) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-019-01681-y · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Thome, J., Ehlis, A.-C., Fallgatter, A. J., Krauel, K., Lange, K. W., Riederer, P., Romanos, M., Taurines, R., Tucha, O., Uzbekov, M., et al. (2012) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2012.690535 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“These functions include working memory (Schweitzer et al. 2000; Westerberg et al. 2004; Klingberg et al. 2005), problem solving (Tucha et al. 2011), planning (Sergeant et al. 2002; Willcutt et al. 2005), concept formation (Lawrence et al. 2004; Antshel et al. 2010), impulsivity (Willcutt et al.…”
BackgroundThe cognitive and academic benefits of Cogmed: A meta-analysis
Aksayli, N. D., Sala, G., & Gobet, F. (2019) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2019.04.003 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Edin, F., Macoveanu, J., Olesen, P., Tegner, J. N., & Klingberg, T. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.5.750 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Working memory (WM), the ability to temporarily maintain visuospatial information in mind, is a key cognitive function that underlies other cognitive abilities such as complex reasoning, and undergoes significant maturation during childhood and adolescence (Gathercole, Pickering, Ambridge, & Wearing, 2004; Westerberg,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMills, K. L., Bathula, D., Dias, T. G. C., Iyer, S. P., Fenesy, M. C., Musser, E. D., Stevens, C. A., Thurlow, B. L., Carpenter, S. D., Nagel, B. J., et al. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00002 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Deficits in spatial working memory have been proposed as a core mechanism in ADHD (Castellanos and Tannock, 2002; Westerberg et al., 2004; Nigg, 2005), are extensively studied, and appear to yield among the largest effect sizes of any cognitive measure www.frontiersin.org January 2012 | Volume 3 |…”
BackgroundO'Brien, J. W., Dowell, L. R., Mostofsky, S. H., DENCKLA, M. B., & Mahone, E. M. (2010) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acq050 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Helps, S. K., Bamford, S., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., & Söderlund, G. B. W. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112768 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“EF tasks i) Visuo-spatial working memory test (Spanboard; [43]; 5 minutes).”
MethodKelly, C. A. M., Margulies, D. S., & Castellanos, F. X. (2007) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-007-0052-4 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Despite the consistency of ADHD-related behavioral decrements in spatial working memory, as discussed by Westerberg et al. [ 16 ], the neural correlates of such decrements remain in need of considerable further study.”
BackgroundEffects of methylphenidate on working memory components: influence of measurement
Bedard, A., Jain, U., Johnson, S. H., & Tannock, R. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01760.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Individuals with ADHD are impaired in WM, particularly in VS storage and manipulation (Martinussen et al., 2005; Westerberg et al., 2004).”
BackgroundDopamine, working memory, and training induced plasticity: Implications for developmental research.
Söderqvist, S., Nutley, S. B., Peyrard‐Janvid, M., Matsson, H., Humphreys, K., Kere, J., & Klingberg, T. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026179 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationGeladé, K., Bink, M., Janssen, T. W. P., van Mourik, R., Maras, A., & Oosterlaan, J. (2016) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0902-x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Results of the VSWM revealed a main effect of time on the forward and backward condition.”
MethodBrocki, K. C., Randall, K. D., Bohlin, G., & Kerns, K. A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390701754720 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“The task is a modified version of the visuospatial WM task used by Klingberg and colleagues in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies and studies of diagnosed ADHD children ( Klingberg, 2006 ; Westerberg, Hirvikoski, Forssberg, & Klingberg, 2004 ).”
MethodGibson, B. S., Gondoli, D. M., Johnson, A. C., Steeger, C. M., Dobrzenski, B. A., & Morrissey, R. A. (2011) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2010.551186 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The Role of Neuropsychologic Tests in the Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Pineda, D. A., Puerta, I. C., Aguirre, D. C., García-Barrera, M. A., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2007) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.02.002 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Exploring <i>N</i> -Back Cognitive Training for Children With ADHD
Jones, M. R., Katz, B., Buschkuehl, M., Jaeggi, S. M., & Shah, P. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718779230 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
van der Fels, I. M. J., Smith, J., de Bruijn, A. G. M., Bosker, R., Königs, M., Oosterlaan, J., Visscher, C., & Hartman, E. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224219 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“An adapted version of a Visuospatial Memory task was used to assess visuospatial working memory [57,58].”
MethodAge-related differences in frontal lobe function in children with ADHD
Yasumura, A., Omori, M., Fukuda, A., Takahashi, J., Yasumura, Y., Nakagawa, E., Koike, T., Yamashita, Y., Miyajima, T., Koeda, T., et al. (2019) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2019.03.006 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Measuring Working Memory Capacity With Greater Precision in the Lower Capacity Ranges
Nutley, S. B., Söderqvist, S., Bryde, S., Humphreys, K., & Klingberg, T. (2009) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640903325741 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Several neurodevelopmental disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with deficits in VSWM ( Westerberg, Hirvikoski, Forssberg, Klingberg, 2004 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationHippocampal subfield volume changes in subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Al-Amin, M. M., Zinchenko, A., & Geyer, T. (2018) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.007 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Utility of cognitive neuropsychological assessment in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Lange, K. W., Hauser, J., Lange, K. M., Makulska-Gertruda, E., Takano, T., Takeuchi, Y., Tucha, L., & Tucha, O. (2014) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-014-0132-3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“2005), working memory (Klingberg et al. 2005; Schweitzer et al. 2000; Westerberg et al. 2004), planning (Willcutt et al.”
BackgroundMethodPROFESSIONAL PRACTICE ISSUES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING FOR EDUCATIONAL APPLICATIONS
Decker, S. L., Hale, J. B., & Flanagan, D. P. (2013) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21675 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Sowerby, P., Seal, S., & Tripp, G. (2011) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710370674 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Forssberg, H., Fernell, E., Waters, N., Waters, N., & Tedroff, J. (2006) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-2-40 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationNejati, V., & Yazdani, S. (2020) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2020.1712347 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Hamamouche, K. A., & Cordes, S. (2019) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-018-1561-3 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
From Clinical Application to Cognitive Enhancement: The Example of Methylphenidate
Busardò, F., Kyriakou, C., Cipolloni, L., Zaami, S., & Frati, P. (2016) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x13666150407225902 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Although, the most recent findings suggest that impairments in visuospatial WM (VSWM) is common to individuals with ADHD [29, 49], there is a limited number of studies investigating the effectiveness of MPD on VSWM in children with ADHD [50, 51].”
BackgroundLenartowicz, A., Lu, S., Rodriguez, C., Lau, E. P., Walshaw, P. D., McCracken, J. T., Cohen, M. S., & Loo, S. K. (2016) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2016.01.023 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“…show medium to large effect sizes (Alderson et al., 2013; Boonstra et al., 2005; Kofler et al., 2013; Loo et al., 2007; Martinussen et al., 2005; Westerberg et al., 2004; Willcutt et al., 2005), and neuroimaging evidence indicates that patients with ADHD differ in fronto-parietal, or so called…”
BackgroundWorking Memory Training in Post-Secondary Students with ADHD: A Randomized Controlled Study
Mawjee, K., Woltering, S., & Tannock, R. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137173 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Designed initially to improve the documented visuospatial span deficits inWM in children with ADHD [11, 12], the standard CWMT program uses an adaptive algorithm that continually adjusts task difficulty on a trial-by-trial basis to match the individual’s current WM capacity to ensure that the trainee is always maximal…”
MethodGeladé, K., Janssen, T. W. P., Bink, M., Twisk, J. W. R., van Mourik, R., Maras, A., & Oosterlaan, J. (2017) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-017-1072-1 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“The results of the sensitivity analyses for the VSWM task for both conditions were similar to those obtained in the main analyses.”
MethodA dimensional approach to modeling symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders in the marmoset monkey
Oikonomidis, L., Santangelo, A. M., Shiba, Y., Clarke, F. H., Robbins, T. W., & Roberts, A. C. (2017) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.22446 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Within the domain of cognitive symptoms, schizophrenia patients also display impairments in working memory (Green, 1996), which are also a core symptom of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Westerberg et al., 2004; Lee and Park, 2005; Martinussen et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialMartin, L. M., Aring, E., Landgren, M., et al. (2008) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.01189.x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“It has also been suggested that impaired visuo)spatial working memory is a major component of ADHD (Westerberg et al. 2004).”
BackgroundArousal and Executive Alterations in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Martella, D., Aldunate, N., Fuentes, L. J., & Sánchez‐Pérez, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01991 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…al., 2014), verbal WM (Berlin et al., 2004; Brocki et al., 2008; Kasper et al., 2012; Martinussen et al., 2005), non-verbal WM (Berlin et al., 2004; Westerberg et al., 2004; Martinussen et al., 2005; Re et al., 2010; Sowerby et al., 2011; Kasper et al., 2012), self-regulation (Braaten and Rosén,…”
BackgroundInfluentialStevenson, M. P., & McNaughton, N. (2013) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.10.003 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Bellander, M., Brehmer, Y., Westerberg, H., Karlsson, S., Fürth, D., Bergman, O., Eriksson, E., & Bäckman, L. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.03.021 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationHiroi, N. (2018) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12641 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
CLEMENTS, K., & WAINWRIGHT, P. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2005.09.016 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
(2011) · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.03.007 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Across-trials IIV has received the most attention, having been linked to aging (Hultsch et al., 2002), as well as to disorders such as ADHD (e.g., Westerberg et al., 2004), dementia (e.g., Hultsch et al., 2000), and schizophrenia (e.g., Winterer et al, 2004).”
BackgroundWorking memory training improves emotional states of healthy individuals
Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Nouchi, R., Hashizume, H., Sekiguchi, A., Kotozaki, Y., Nakagawa, S., Miyauchi, C. M., Sassa, Y., & Kawashima, R. (2014) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00200 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Patros, C. H. G., Alderson, R. M., Lea, S. E., Tarle, S. J., Kasper, L. J., & Hudec, K. L. (2015) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.016 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Barnes, J. J., Nobre, A. C., Woolrich, M. W., Baker, K., & Astle, D. E. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0101-16.2016 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“A child’s working memory capacity is an excellent predictor of their educational progress (Gathercole et al., 2004), and impairments in working memory are increasingly seen as core to numerous neurodevelopmental disorders (Westerberg et al., 2004; Martinussen et al., 2005).”
Backgroundvan Ewijk, H., Weeda, W. D., Heslenfeld, D. J., Luman, M., Hartman, C. A., Hoekstra, P. J., Faraone, S. V., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J. K., & Oosterlaan, J. (2015) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.07.003 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“, 2014), and implies that abnormalities in VSWMrelated brain activation do not catch up, but also do not worsen when children with ADHD grow into adulthood (in contrast to one other study; Westerberg et al., 2004).”
ResultInfluentialEEG correlates of visual short-term memory as neuro-cognitive endophenotypes of ADHD
Wiegand, I., Hennig‐Fast, K., Kilian, B., Müller, H. J., Töllner, T., Möller, H., Engel, R. R., & Finke, K. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.03.011 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“, 2011) – in line with working memory deficit models of ADHD (Alderson et al., 2013; Castellanos and Tannock, 2002; Westerberg et al., 2004; Engelhardt et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultStanford, E., Durrleman, S., & Delage, H. (2019) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2019_ajslp-18-0238 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Thissen, A. J. A. M., Rommelse, N. N. J., Hoekstra, P. J., Hartman, C. A., Heslenfeld, D. J., Luman, M., van Lieshout, M., Franke, B., Oosterlaan, J., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713001153 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Söderlund, G. B. W., Björk, C., & Gustafsson, P. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01331 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Spanboard; 5 min (Westerberg et al., 2004).”
Finke, K., Schwarzkopf, W., Müller, U., Frodl, T., Müller, H. J., Schneider, W. X., Engel, R. R., Riedel, M. J., Möller, H., & Hennig‐Fast, K. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024944 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Puppets, robots, critics, and actors within a taxonomy of attention for developmental disorders
Dennis, M., Sinopoli, K. J., Fletcher, J. M., & Schachar, R. J. (2008) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617708080983 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Children with P-ADHD often have response inhibition deficits (Barkley, 1997; McLean et al., 2004; Nigg, 2003; Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996; Rhodes et al., 2005; Schachar et al., 1995; Westerberg et al., 2004), especially on the stop signal task (Figure 3; Willcutt et al.”
Preliminary evidence for the feasibility of at-home online cognitive training with older adults
Gigler, K. L., Blomeke, K., Shatil, E., Weıntraub, S., & Reber, P. J. (2013) · Gerontechnology · doi:10.4017/gt.2013.12.1.007.00 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Spronk, M., Vogel, E. K., & Jonkman, L. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062673 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Prior studies that provided evidence for lower VSWM span in ADHD especially during late childhood/adolescence, included subjects that were not matched on IQ [9,20].”
BackgroundGullick, M. M., Sprute, L. A., & Temple, E. (2010) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2010.10.003 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Wojtowicz, M. A., Berrigan, L. I., & Fisk, J. D. (2012) · International Journal of MS Care · doi:10.7224/1537-2073-14.2.77 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Application of the Dual-Component Model of Working Memory to ADHD
Gibson, B. S., Gondoli, D. M., Flies, A. C., Dobrzenski, B. A., & Nash Unsworth, A. (2009) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040903146958 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“In addition, Westerberg, Hirvikoski, Forssberg, and Klingberg (2004 ) measured performance on a spatial serial-recall task in both ADHD and non-ADHD individuals as a function of age (which ranged from 8 to 15 years).”
BackgroundMethodNejati, V. (2021) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102759 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Gau, S., & Chiang, H. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.10.005 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Yan, L.-X., Zhang, J., Yuan, Y., & Cortese, S. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000012623 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Does Physical Contact with a Dog or Person Affect Performance of a Working Memory Task?
Gee, N. R., Friedmann, E., Coglitore, V., Fisk, A., & Stendahl, M. (2015) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.1080/08927936.2015.1052282 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A systematic review of executive cognitive function in intimate partner violent offenders
Humenik, A. M., Grounds, Z. K., Mayer, H. M., & Dolan, S. L. (2020) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101407 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Wojtowicz, M. A., Omisade, A., & Fisk, J. D. (2013) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617713000027 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Is working memory capacity fixed?
Klingberg, T. (2012) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.07.004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationNyman, A. H., Taskinen, T., Grönroos, M. A., Haataja, L. M., Lähdetie, J., & Korhonen, T. T. (2010) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219410375001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Effect sizes in ANCOVA and difference‐in‐differences designs
Hedges, L. V., Tipton, E., Zejnullahi, R., & Diaz, K. G. (2023) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bmsp.12296 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cockcroft, K. (2011) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2011.634545 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Working Memory: From Neural Activity to the Sentient Mind
Jaffe, R. J., & Constantinidis, C. (2021) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c210005 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Altered frontal pole development affects self-generated spatial working memory in ADHD
Arai, S., Okamoto, Y., Fujioka, T., Inohara, K., Ishitobi, M., Matsumura, Y., Jung, M., Kawamura, K., Takiguchi, S., Tomoda, A., et al. (2015) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2015.11.005 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Matsuura, N., Ishitobi, M., Arai, S., Kawamura, K., Asano, M., Inohara, K., Fujioka, T., Narimoto, T., Wada, Y., Hiratani, M., et al. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-014-0032-5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“shown, children with ADHD have no difficulty in retaining spatial information [18].”
BackgroundLarochette, A.-C., Harrison, A. G., Rosenblum, Y., & Bowie, C. R. (2011) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acr033 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Correlation of Motor Abilities and Executive Functions in Children With ADHD
Ziereis, S., & Jansen, P. (2016) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2015.1038746 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Takeuchi, A., Ogino, T., Hanafusa, K., Morooka, T., Oka, M., Yorifuji, T., & Ohtsuka, Y. (2013) · PubMed · doi:10.18926/amo/51865 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“No significant effect of any of the 3 symptom scales on the span score of the VST or the VWT was found.”
MethodInfluentialPredicting the reading skill of Japanese children
Ogino, T., Hanafusa, K., Morooka, T., Takeuchi, A., Oka, M., & Ohtsuka, Y. (2016) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2016.08.006 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Dovis, S., Marić, M., Prins, P. J. M., & der Oord, S. V. (2019) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-019-00308-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Vinette, S. A., & Bray, S. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.04.004 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Visual-spatial attention and working memory mature across ate childhood and adolescence (Westerberg et al., 2004; Zhan et al., 011).”
BackgroundThe Impact of Working Memory Training on Children’s Cognitive and Noncognitive SkillsPreprint
Berger, E., Fehr, E., Hermes, H., Schunk, D., & Winkel, K. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3622985 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
FRONTO-PARIETAL CONNECTION ASYMMETRY REGULATES WORKING MEMORY DISTRACTIBILITY
Edin, F., Klingberg, T., Stödberg, T., & Tegner, J. N. (2007) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.1142/s0219635207001702 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The importance of WM is demonstrated in several diseases of cognition, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease, where WM deficits are found [5–8].”
BackgroundSelf-citationClinical significance of knowledge about the structure, function, and impairments of working memory
Bajor, G. (2013) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.883900 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“They concluded that their results show that the VSWM test is a sensitive measure of cognitive deficits in ADHD and it supports the hypothesis that deficits in VSWM are a major component of ADHD [50].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialInattention, Working Memory, and Goal Neglect in a Community Sample
Elisa, R. N., Balaguer‐Ballester, E., & Parris, B. A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01428 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
- Authors
- Westerberg, H., Hirvikoski, T., Forssberg, H., & Klingberg, T.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Venue
- Child Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2004-09
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 155-161
- ISSN
- 0929-7049 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-4136
- OpenAlex
- W2131694981
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 5.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, visuospatial working memory, working memory deficits, children, test sensitivity, choice reaction time, continuous performance test, go/no-go task, cognitive impairment, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Choice Behavior, Cognition Disorders, Cues, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Pilot Projects, Predictive Value of Tests, Reaction Time, Reference Values, Sensitivity and Specificity, Space Perception, Sweden, Task Performance and Analysis, Visual Perception, Reproducibility of Results
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
