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The87Sr optical frequency standard at PTB
Open accessAbstract
With 87 Sr atoms confined in a one-dimensional optical lattice, the frequency of the optical clock transition 5s 2 1 S 0 –5s5p 3 P 0 has been determined to be 429 228 004 229 872.9(5) Hz. The transition frequency was measured with the help of a femtosecond-frequency comb against one of Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB's) H-masers whose frequency was measured simultaneously by the PTB Cs-fountain clock CSF1. The Sr optical frequency standard contributes with a fractional uncertainty of 1.5 × 10 −16 to the total uncertainty. The agreement of the measured transition frequency with previous measurements at other institutes supports the status of this transition as the secondary representation of the second with the currently smallest uncertainty.
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“With a lifetime of the excited clock state of about 120 s [44-46] and the light shift coefficient of about -13 Hzcm 2 W -1 [47], we estimate a negligible clock laser induced light shift of few 10 -19 .”
From Long-distance chronometric leveling with a portable optical clock (2024) · cites this paper as [46]
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Citations
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Self-citationExperimental realization of an optical second with strontium lattice clocks
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Self-citationMatter-wave Atomic Gradiometer Interferometric Sensor (MAGIS-100)
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“with respect to primary caesium clocks has been performed over the 7 Figure 4: Frequency measurements wrt primary caesium atomic clocks. JILA07: [36]; SYRTE08: [37], JILA08: [38], UT09: [39], PTB11: [34], NICT-a 12: [40], NICT-b 12: [41], SYRTE 13: [30], PTB13: [31], NMIJ14: [32]. The full vertical line indicates the…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationA strontium lattice clock with 3 × 10−17inaccuracy and its frequency
Falke, S., Lemke, N., Grebing, C., Lipphardt, B., Weyers, S., Gerginov, V., Huntemann, N., Hagemann, C., Al-Masoudi, A., Häfner, S., et al. (2014) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/16/7/073023 · Cited by 182
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Self-citationRealization of a timescale with an accurate optical lattice clock
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“The absolute frequency results include the measurements made by SYRTE in 2008 [55], JILA in 2008 [56] and UT-NMIJ in 2009 [57] that contributed to the CIPM recommendations in 2009, 2013 and 2015; the measurements of PTB in 2011 [58] and NICT in 2012 [59] that contributed to the CIPM recommendations in 2013 and 2015; t…”
MethodContributing to TAI with a secondary representation of the SI second
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Self-citationPark, C. Y., Yu, D., Lee, W., Park, S. E., Kim, E. B., Lee, S. K., Cho, J. W., Yoon, T. H., Mun, J., Park, S. J., et al. (2013) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/50/2/119 · Cited by 74
Cs-based optical frequency measurement using cross-linked optical and microwave oscillators
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Self-citationScattering of Cold-Atom Coherences by Hot Atoms: Frequency Shifts from Background-Gas Collisions
Gibble, K. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.180802 · Cited by 72
Observation and cancellation of a perturbing dc stark shift in strontium optical lattice clocks
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Determination of the 5d6s 3D1 state lifetime and blackbody-radiation clock shift in Yb
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First Evaluation and Frequency Measurement of the Strontium Optical Lattice Clock at NIM
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“ngent than the result by McGrew et al. [17] for the combined data of Yb and Sr lattice clocks. To analyze our data for temporal variation _= we combine them with previously published values of Sr [13, 21, 22, 24, 38{50, 55], spanning in total more than 12 years. We use the averaged frequency values only and estimate,…”
ResultSelf-citationDemonstration of a transportable 1 Hz-linewidth laser
Vogt, S., Lisdat, C., Legero, T., Sterr, U., Ernsting, I., Nevsky, A. Y., & Schiller, S. (2011) · Applied Physics B · doi:10.1007/s00340-011-4652-7 · Cited by 61
Self-citationLattice-induced photon scattering in an optical lattice clock
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Self-citationA compact and efficient strontium oven for laser-cooling experiments
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Delivering pulsed and phase stable light to atoms of an optical clock
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Self-citationDirect comparison of optical lattice clocks with an intercontinental baseline of 9000 km
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Self-citationHachisu, H., Petit, G., Nakagawa, F., Hanado, Y., & Ido, T. (2017) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.25.008511 · Cited by 53
Providing $10^{-16}$ Short-Term Stability of a 1.5-$\mu\hbox{m}$ Laser to Optical Clocks
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Self-citationAkamatsu, D., Inaba, H., Hosaka, K., Yasuda, M., Onae, A., Suzuyama, T., Amemiya, M., & Hong, F.-L. (2013) · Applied Physics Express · doi:10.7567/apex.7.012401 · Cited by 50
Intermittent optical frequency measurements to reduce the dead time uncertainty of frequency link
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“9(4) × 10 − 17 .”
Self-citationThe CIPM list ‘Recommended values of standard frequencies’: 2021 update
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Two-Color Grating Magneto-Optical Trap for Narrow-Line Laser Cooling
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Self-citationA Novel Scheme for Hundred-Hertz Linewidth Measurements with the Self-Heterodyne Method
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Dynamical decoupling of laser phase noise in compound atomic clocks
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Self-citationCoherent Excitation of the Highly Forbidden Electric Octupole Transition in Yb+172
Fürst, H. A., Yeh, C.-H., Kalincev, D., Kulosa, A. P., Dreissen, L. S., Lange, R., Benkler, E., Huntemann, N., Peik, E., & Mehlstäubler, T. E. (2020) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.125.163001 · Cited by 23
Long-range transport of ultracold atoms in a far-detuned one-dimensional optical lattice
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“With this method the transport can be integrated into the cycle of an optical lattice clock (in our case with strontium [19]) that requires a tightly focused, far-detuned optical lattice operated at the magic wavelength [20, 21].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationA transportable optical lattice clock at the National Time Service Center*
Kong, D., Wang, Z., Guo, F., Zhang, Q., Lu, X., Wang, Y., & Chang, H. (2020) · Chinese Physics B · doi:10.1088/1674-1056/ab9290 · Cited by 20
Development of 8-branch Er:fiber frequency comb for Sr and Yb optical lattice clocks
Hisai, Y., Akamatsu, D., Kobayashi, T., Okubo, S., Inaba, H., Hosaka, K., Yasuda, M., & Hong, F.-L. (2019) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.27.006404 · Cited by 18
Cold atom clocks and their applications in precision measurements*
Dai, S., Zheng, F., Liu, K., Chen, W., Lin, Y., Li, T., & Fang, F. (2020) · Chinese Physics B · doi:10.1088/1674-1056/abbbee · Cited by 19
Magic Radio-Frequency Dressing of Nuclear Spins in High-Accuracy Optical Clocks
Zanon-Willette, T., de Clercq, E., & Arimondo, E. (2012) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.109.223003 · Cited by 18
Reducing the Instability of an Optical Lattice Clock Using Multiple Atomic Ensembles
Zheng, X., Dolde, J., & Kolkowitz, S. (2024) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.14.011006 · Cited by 18
Dual-Mode Operation of an Optical Lattice Clock Using Strontium and Ytterbium Atoms
Akamatsu, D., Kobayashi, T., Hisai, Y., Tanabe, T., Hosaka, K., Yasuda, M., & Hong, F.-L. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control · doi:10.1109/tuffc.2018.2819888 · Cited by 18
“coefficients for Sr [29] and Yb [6], respectively.”
BackgroundCharacterization of the Frequency Stability of a Multibranch Optical Frequency Comb
Terra, O. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2020.2986422 · Cited by 15
“By following these precautions, the instability introduced by the multibranch OFC is sufficient to compare most of the currently available optical clocks that have stability in the order of 2 × 10−15/√τ [26]−[31].”
BackgroundClock-transition spectrum of171Yb atoms in a one-dimensional optical lattice
Chen, N., Zhou, M., Chen, H.-Q., Fang, S., Huang, L., Zhang, X., Gao, Q., Jiang, Y.-Y., Bi, Z., Ma, L.-S., et al. (2013) · Chinese Physics B · doi:10.1088/1674-1056/22/9/090601 · Cited by 14
Achromatic, planar Fresnel-reflector for a single-beam magneto-optical trap
Bondza, S., Leopold, T., Schwarz, R., & Lisdat, C. (2024) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/5.0174674 · Cited by 12
Self-citationUrbańczyk, T., Strojecki, M., Krośnicki, M., Kędziorski, A., Żuchowski, P. S., & Koperski, J. (2017) · International Reviews in Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1080/0144235x.2017.1337371 · Cited by 13
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“In metrology, a single clock can serve as the absolute frequency standard in principle[10, 11].”
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International timescales with optical clocks (ITOC)
Margolis, H. S., Godun, R. M., Gill, P., Johnson, L. A. M., Shemar, S. L., Whibberley, P. B., Calonico, D., Levi, F., Lorini, L., Pizzocaro, M., et al. (2013) · 2013 Joint European Frequency and Time Forum & International Frequency Control Symposium (EFTF/IFC) · doi:10.1109/eftf-ifc.2013.6702183 · Cited by 15
Self-citationAtom interferometer as a freely falling clock for time-dilation measurements
Roura, A. (2024) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ad9e2e · Cited by 14
Analysis of the blackbody-radiation shift in an ytterbium optical lattice clock
Xu, Y., & Xu, X. (2016) · Chinese Physics B · doi:10.1088/1674-1056/25/10/103202 · Cited by 10
Optical Lattice Clocks as Candidates for a Possible Redefinition of the SI Second
Gurov, M., McFerran, J. J., Nagórny, B., Tyumenev, R., Xu, Z., Coq, Y. L., Targat, R. L., Lemonde, P., Lodewyck, J., & Bize, S. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2013.2242638 · Cited by 9
Transportable strontium lattice clock with 4 × 10 − 19 blackbody radiation shift uncertainty
Nosske, I., Vishwakarma, C., Lücke, T., Rahm, J., Poudel, N., Weyers, S., Benkler, E., Dörscher, S., & Lisdat, C. (2025) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ae1161 · Cited by 11
Self-citationCoherence transfer from 1064 nm to 578 nm using an optically referenced frequency comb
Fang, S., Jiang, Y., Chen, H.-Q., Yao, Y., Bi, Z., & Ma, L.-S. (2015) · Chinese Physics B · doi:10.1088/1674-1056/24/7/074202 · Cited by 8
Strontium optical lattice clock
Yi-Ge, L., & Fang, Z. (2018) · Acta Physica Sinica · doi:10.7498/aps.67.20181097 · Cited by 8
Kahmann, M., Tiemann, E., Appel, O., Sterr, U., & Riehle, F. (2014) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.89.023413 · Cited by 8
Self-citationLu, X., Yin, M.-J., Li, T., Wang, Y., & Chang, H. (2020) · Japanese Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.35848/1347-4065/ab98d8 · Cited by 8
Lu, X., Zhou, C., Li, T., Wang, Y., & Chang, H. (2020) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/5.0025097 · Cited by 8
Comparison of two Strontium optical lattice clocks in agreement at the 10−16 level
Targat, R. L., Lorini, L., Gurov, M., Zawada, M., Gartman, R., Nagórny, B., Lemonde, P., & Lodewyck, J. (2012) · European Frequency and Time Forum · doi:10.1109/eftf.2012.6502324 · Cited by 7
“The research on Optical Lattice Clocks (OLCs) has been so fruitful in the last 10 years that state-of-the-art experiments in this field are henceforth more accurate than the microwave standards ([1], [2], [3]).”
BackgroundA compact and robust cooling laser system for an optical strontium lattice clock
Schwarz, R., Dörscher, S., Al-Masoudi, A., Vogt, S., Li, Y., & Lisdat, C. (2019) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.5063552 · Cited by 7
Self-citationPROPOSAL: P-1101 Matter-wave Atomic Gradiometer Interferometric Sensor (MAGIS-100)
Adamson, P., Northwestern, U., Liverpool, U., UC, B., Northern Illinois, U., Stanford, U., Chattopadhyay, S., Coleman, J. P., Graham, P. W., Geer, S., et al. (2018) · doi:10.2172/1605586 · Cited by 7
Subhertz-linewidth infrared frequency source with a long-term instability below 5 × 10−15
Raupach, S. M. F., Legero, T., Grebing, C., Hagemann, C., Keßler, T., Koczwara, A., Lipphardt, B., Misera, M., Schnatz, H., Grosche, G., et al. (2012) · Applied Physics B · doi:10.1007/s00340-012-5280-6 · Cited by 6
Self-citationMagneto-optical trapping of strontium for use as a mobile frequency reference
Kock, B. O. (2013) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 6
A sub-40 mHz laser based on a silicon single-crystal optical cavity
Keßler, T., Hagemann, C., Sterr, U., Riehle, F., Martin, M. J., & Ye, J. (2012) · Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements · doi:10.1109/cpem.2012.6250907 · Cited by 5
Self-citationResearch progress on active optical clocks
Chen, J., & Zhang, W. (2015) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/n972014-00865 · Cited by 3
Lu, B., Lu, X., Li, J., & Chang, H. (2021) · Chinese Physics B · doi:10.1088/1674-1056/ac29a6 · Cited by 5
Zhou, C., Lu, X., Lu, B., Wang, Y., & Chang, H. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11031206 · Cited by 4
“In order to avoid the influence of the variation of the total atomic number, for the ith clock feedback cycle, the comparison result is divided by ∆Ii = I1i − I2i, to obtain the collisional shift of unit fluorescence intensity (marked by ∆uf) [20,24], where the I1i and I2i correspond to the fluorescence intensity unde…”
BackgroundMethodTowards Adoption of an Optical Second: Verifying Optical Clocks at the SI LimitPreprint
McGrew, W. F., Zhang, X., Leopardi, H., Fasano, R., Nicolodi, D., Beloy, K., Yao, J., Sherman, J. A., Schäffer, S. A., Savory, J., et al. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1811.05885 · Cited by 4
Analysis of inhomogeneous-excitation frequency shifts of ytterbium optical lattice clocks
Chen, N., & Xu, X. (2014) · Laser Physics Letters · doi:10.1088/1612-2011/12/1/015501 · Cited by 3
Guodong, 赵. Z., Lu, X., & Chang, H. (2023) · Laser & Optoelectronics Progress · doi:10.3788/lop223237 · Cited by 3
Building a better atomic clock
Bloom, B. (2013) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/pt.5.027159 · Cited by 4
Optical Lattice Clocks for Precision Time and Frequency Metrology
Takamoto, M., & Katori, H. (2015) · Lecture notes in physics · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-55756-2_5 · Cited by 3
Bilicki, S. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/4b3e81f4z8872z4d16z8156z517133a256ac · Cited by 4
“Nowadays, the best Yb+ ion clock at PTB can reach an accuracy of 3× 10−18 in fractional units [41].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDetermining the Magic Wavelength Without Modulation of the Trap Depth
Xia, J., Guo, F., Zhou, Y., Lu, X., & Chang, H. (2024) · Optics · doi:10.3390/opt5040040 · Cited by 2
“Closer to the magic frequency, more homogeneous excitation is achieved across all motional states [3–5].”
Noise-induced servo errors in optical clocks utilizing Rabi interrogation
Lindvall, T., Wallin, A. E., Hanhijärvi, K., & Fordell, T. (2023) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/acdfd4 · Cited by 3
Arora, P., & Gupta, A. S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-2074-7_21 · Cited by 2
Peng, C., Zhang, T., Sun, C., Qi, Q., Jin, T., Lei, S., Zhao, C., Feng, S., Xia, Y., & Xu, X. (2024) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/5.0222370 · Cited by 2
Effect of Thermal Fields on the Shift of Optical Standards of Frequency
Gurov, M., Gurova, E. G., & Дмитриев, А. К. (2015) · Russian Physics Journal · doi:10.1007/s11182-015-0442-8 · Cited by 2
Ido, T., Fujieda, M., Hachisu, H., Nagano, S., Gotoh, T., Falke, S., Huntemann, N., Grebing, C., Lipphardt, B., Lisdat, C., et al. (2014) · Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (EFTF/IFCS) · doi:10.1109/fcs.2014.6859906 · Cited by 2
“This issue is receiving attention since optical lattice clocks based on (87)Sr atoms are now being operated in six laboratories [4-9].”
BackgroundSelf-citationOptical Сlocks and Thermal Fields Impact
Gurov, M., & Gurova, E. G. (2014) · Applied Mechanics and Materials · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.698.561 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Falke, S., Schnatz, H., Winfred, J. S. R. V., Middelmann, T., Vogt, S., Weyers, S., Lipphardt, B., Grosche, G., Riehle, F., Sterr, U., & Lisdat, C.
- Affiliations
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (DE)
- Venue
- Metrologia
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2011-09-12
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 399-407
- ISSN
- 0026-1394 (ISSN-L)
- 1681-7575
- OpenAlex
- W2016860894
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 9.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Metrologia (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Electrical Measurement Techniques
- Keywords
- strontium-87, optical frequency standard, optical clock transition, one-dimensional optical lattice, femtosecond optical frequency comb, cesium fountain clock, atomic clocks
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