Eyeglasses-based tear biosensing system: Non-invasive detection of alcohol, vitamins and glucose
Open accessAbstract
We report on a wearable tear bioelectronic platform, integrating a microfluidic electrochemical detector into an eyeglasses nose-bridge pad, for non-invasive monitoring of key tear biomarkers. The alcohol-oxidase (AOx) biosensing fluidic system allowed real-time tear collection and direct alcohol measurements in stimulated tears, leading to the first wearable platform for tear alcohol monitoring. Placed outside the eye region this fully wearable tear-sensing platform addresses drawbacks of sensor systems involving direct contact with the eye as the contact lenses platform. Integrating the wireless electronic circuitry into the eyeglasses frame thus yielded a fully portable, convenient-to-use fashionable sensing device. The tear alcohol sensing concept was demonstrated for monitoring of alcohol intake in human subjects over multiple drinking courses, displaying good correlation to parallel BAC measurements. We also demonstrate for the first time the ability to monitor tear glucose outside the eye and the utility of wearable devices for monitoring vitamin nutrients in connection to enzymatic flow detector and rapid voltammetric scanning, respectively. These developments pave the way to build an effective eyeglasses system capable of chemical tear analysis.
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Despite some efforts, several challenges remain for tear biosensors, such as difficulty in sampling tears, small sample volumes, issues with fast evaporation, dependence of tear composition on emotional or mechanical stimulation, and reliable operation of fully integrated wireless sensing platforms.
“Despite some efforts, several challenges remain, such as difficulty in sampling tears, small sample volumes, issues with fast evaporation, dependence of tear composition on emotional or mechanical stimulation, and reliable operation of fully integrated wireless sensing platforms [126,152].”
From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [152]
Sempionatto et al. used a non-invasive wearable tear biosensor system mounted on eyeglasses for real-time monitoring of alcohol, vitamins such as vitamin B2 and B6, and glucose in tears.
“In one of the most recent works, Sempionatto et al. [152] used a non-invasive wearable tear biosensor system mounted on eyeglasses for real-time monitoring of different analytes, including alcohol, vitamins such as vitamin B2 and B6, and glucose in tears (Figure 6c).”
From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [152]
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“For example, Sempionatto et al. 20 developed a wearable electrochemical tear sensor mounted on eyeglasses for the non-invasive monitoring of alcohol, vitamin, and glucose in tears through rapid square wave voltammetry.”
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- Authors
- Sempionatto, J. R., Brazaca, L. C., García-Carmona, L., Bolat, G., Campbell, A. S., Martin, A., Tang, G., Shah, R., Mishra, R. K., Kim, J., Zucolotto, V., Escarpa, A., & Wang, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Universidad de Alcalá (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Joseph
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-07
- Volume
- 137
- Pages
- 161-170
- ISSN
- 0956-5663 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8372769
- OpenAlex
- W2944569697
- Cited by
- 315
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 11.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency Joint Science
- Technology Office for Chemical and Biological Defense (HDTRA 1-16-1-0013)
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (216981/2014-0)
- Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (2017/03779-0)
- University of Alcala
- Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK 2219)
- NIH NIAAA T32 (AA013525)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biosensors and Analytical Detection
- Keywords
- spectacle, wearable sensors, alcohol detection, alcohol oxidase, tear glucose, non-invasive monitoring, blood alcohol concentration, wireless devices
- MeSH terms
- Wearable Electronic Devices, Alcohols, Eyeglasses, Glucose, Humans, Monitoring, Physiologic, Tears, Vitamins, Biosensing Techniques
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