Cited by 538Nutritional Studies and DietFood composition and propertiesCardiovascular Health and Risk Factors

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Associations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable consumption with risks of all-cause mortality and incident coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Open access

Steffen, Lyn M, Jacobs, David R, Stevens, June, Shahar, Eyal, Carithers, Teresa, Folsom, Aaron R·2003·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.1093/ajcn/78.3.383

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background Recent epidemiologic study results showed that subjects who had high intakes of whole-grain foods had lower risks of death and heart disease than did subjects who had low intakes. However, the findings were inconsistent for fruit and vegetable intake. Objective The relations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable intakes with the risk of total mortality and the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic stroke were studied in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort (baseline: age 45-64 y, n = 15,792). Design Proportional hazards regression analyses were used to assess the relations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable intakes with the risk of death and the incidence of CAD and ischemic stroke, with adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, energy intake, and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Dietary intakes were assessed by using a food-frequency questionnaire. Results Over an 11-y follow-up period, whole-grain intake was inversely associated with total mortality and incident CAD. The relative hazards of death for quintiles 2-5 of fruit and vegetable intake were 1.08 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.33), 0.94 (0.75, 1.17), 0.87 (0.68, 1.10), and 0.78 (0.61, 1.01), respectively; P for trend = 0.02. An inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and CAD was observed among African Americans but not among whites (P for interaction = 0.01). The risk of ischemic stroke was not significantly related to whole-grain, refined-grain, or fruit and vegetable consumption. Conclusion These observational findings suggest a beneficial effect of whole-grain and fruit and vegetable consumption on the risks of total mortality and incident CAD but not on the risk of ischemic stroke.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/ajcn/78.3.383

Cites

34 of 34 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

A Clinical Trial of the Effects of Dietary Patterns on Blood Pressure
Appel, L. J., Moore, T. J., Obarzanek, E., Vollmer, W. M., Svetkey, L. P., Sacks, F. M., Bray, G. A., Vogt, T. M., Cutler, J. A., Windhauser, M. M., et al. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199704173361601 · Cited by 5,981
Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire
WILLETT, W. C., SAMPSON, L., STAMPFER, M. J., ROSNER, B., BAIN, C., WITSCHI, J., HENNEKENS, C. H., & SPEIZER, F. E. (1985) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114086 · Cited by 4,274
A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies
Baecke, J. A. H., BUREMA, J., & Frijters, J. E. R. (1982) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/36.5.936 · Cited by 3,950
THE ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK IN COMMUNIT (ARIC) STUDY: DESIGN AND OBJECTIVES
THE ARIC INVESTIGATORS (1989) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115184 · Cited by 3,510
Untitled work
(1989) · PubMed · Cited by 3,139
Mediterranean Diet, Traditional Risk Factors, and the Rate of Cardiovascular Complications After Myocardial Infarction: Final Report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study
de Lorgeril, M., Salen, P., Martin, J.-L., Monjaud, I., Delaye, J., & Mamelle, N. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.99.6.779 · Cited by 2,910
The Effect of Fruit and Vegetable Intake on Risk for Coronary Heart Disease
Joshipura, K. J., Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Rimm, E. B., Speizer, F. E., Colditz, G., Ascherio, A., Rosner, B., Spiegelman, D., et al. (2001) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-12-200106190-00010 · Cited by 1,396
Fruit and vegetables, and cardiovascular disease: A review
Ness, A. R., & Powles, J. W. (1997) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/26.1.1 · Cited by 1,368
Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women
Meyer, K. A., Kushi, L. H., Jacobs, D. R., Slavin, J., Sellers, T. A., & Folsom, A. R. (2000) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.4.921 · Cited by 1,271
Self-citation
Dietary Fat and Coronary Heart Disease: A Comparison of Approaches for Adjusting for Total Energy Intake and Modeling Repeated Dietary Measurements
Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Rimm, E., Ascherio, A., Rosner, B. A., Spiegelman, D., & Willett, W. C. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009849 · Cited by 1,085

Show all 34 references

Sorted by citations

Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality - a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies
Aune, D., Giovannucci, E., Boffetta, P., Fadnes, L. T., Keum, N., Norat, T., Greenwood, D. C., Riboli, E., Vatten, L. J., & Tonstad, S. (2017) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw319 · Cited by 2,419
Health benefits of dietary fiber
Anderson, J. W., Baird, P., Davis Jr, R. H., Ferreri, S., Knudtson, M., Koraym, A., Waters, V., & Williams, C. L. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00189.x · Cited by 2,239
Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Wang, X., Ouyang, Y., Liu, J., Zhu, M., Zhao, G., Bao, W., & Hu, F. B. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g4490 · Cited by 1,596
Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke
Goldstein, L. B., Adams, R. J., Alberts, M. J., Appel, L. J., Brass, L. M., Bushnell, C., Culebras, A., DeGraba, T. J., Gorelick, P. B., Guyton, J. R., et al. (2006) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000223048.70103.f1 · Cited by 1,376
Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of cohort studies
Dauchet, L., Amouyel, P., Hercberg, S., & Dallongeville, J. (2006) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.10.2588 · Cited by 1,204
“2002 USA 3684/5924 25 to 74 19 Atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) (16) Population based Steffen et al.”
Background
Fruit and vegetable consumption and stroke: meta-analysis of cohort studies
He, F. J., Nowson, C. A., & MacGregor, G. A. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68069-0 · Cited by 1,108
Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies
Aune, D., Keum, N., Giovannucci, E., Fadnes, L. T., Boffetta, P., Greenwood, D. C., Tonstad, S., Vatten, L. J., Riboli, E., & Norat, T. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i2716 · Cited by 1,013
Dietary Intake and the Development of the Metabolic Syndrome
Lutsey, P. L., Steffen, L. M., & Stevens, J. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.716159 · Cited by 841
Self-citation
Evidence-Based Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women: 2007 Update
Mosca, L. J., Banka, C. L., Benjamin, E. J., Berra, K. A., Bushnell, C., Dolor, R. J., Ganiats, T. G., Gomes, A. S., Gornik, H. L., Gracia, C., et al. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.020 · Cited by 753
Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is related to a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies
He, F. J., Nowson, C. A., Lucas, M., & MacGregor, G. A. (2007) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1002212 · Cited by 741
Progress and Challenges in Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents
Steinberger, J., Daniels, S. R., Eckel, R. H., Hayman, L. L., Lustig, R. H., McCrindle, B. W., & Mietus‐Snyder, M. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.191394 · Cited by 721
Food groups and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke and heart failure: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies
Bechthold, A., Boeing, H., Schwedhelm, C., Hoffmann, G., Knüppel, S., Iqbal, K., De Henauw, S., Michels, N., Devleesschauwer, B., Schlesinger, S., et al. (2019) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2017.1392288 · Cited by 693
“…ned grains (8 reports) (Djousse and Gaziano 2007; Eshak et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2000b; Mizrahi et al. 2009; Muraki et al. 2015; Sonestedt et al. 2015; Steffen et al. 2003; Yu et al. 2013) (Supplemental Table 3), 35 for vegetables (32 reports) (Belin et al. 2011a; Bendinelli et al. 2011;…”
Role of nutraceuticals in human health
Das, L., Bhaumik, E., Raychaudhuri, U., & Chakraborty, R. (2011) · Journal of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13197-011-0269-4 · Cited by 703
“…consuming generous amounts of dietary fibre, compared to those who have minimal fibre intake, are having low risk of CHR (Liu et al. 1999), stroke (Steffen et al. 2003), hypertension (Whelton et al. 2005), diabetes (Montonen et al. 2003), obesity (Lairon et al. 2005) and certain gastrointestinal…”
Background
ERRATUM
(2013) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.111.155325 · Cited by 634
Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies ,
Schwingshackl, L., Schwedhelm, C., Hoffmann, G., Lampousi, A.-M., Knüppel, S., Iqbal, K., Bechthold, A., Schlesinger, S., & Boeing, H. (2017) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.117.153148 · Cited by 600
“Included in the meta-analysis were 19 prospective studies (18 reports) of consumption of whole grains (23–40) (Supplemental Table 2), 4 studies of refined grains (27, 30, 33, 36) (Supplemental Table 3), 37 studies of vegetables (36 reports) (23–25, 29, 31, 34–36, 38, 39, 41–66) (Supplemental Table 4), 34 studies of fr…”
Evidence-Based Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women: 2007 Update
Mosca, L. J., Banka, C. L., Benjamin, E. J., Berra, K. A., Bushnell, C., Dolor, R. J., Ganiats, T. G., Gomes, A. S., Gornik, H. L., Gracia, C., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.181546 · Cited by 582
Whole grain intake and cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis
Mellen, P. B., Walsh, T. F., & Herrington, D. M. (2008) · Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2006.12.008 · Cited by 515
Serum vitamin C and the prevalence of vitamin C deficiency in the United States: 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
Schleicher, R. L., Carroll, M. D., Ford, E. S., & Lacher, D. A. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27016 · Cited by 504
Etiologic effects and optimal intakes of foods and nutrients for risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses from the Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group (NutriCoDE)
Micha, R., Shulkin, M., Peñalvo, J. L., Khatibzadeh, S., Singh, G. M., Rao, M., Fahimi, S., Powles, J. W., & Mozaffarian, D. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175149 · Cited by 507
Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Mortality
Wang, D. D., Li, Y., Bhupathiraju, S. N., ROSNER, B. A., Sun, Q., Giovannucci, E. L., Rimm, E. B., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., Stampfer, M. J., et al. (2021) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.120.048996 · Cited by 474
Consumption of cereal fiber, mixtures of whole grains and bran, and whole grains and risk reduction in type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease
Cho, S. S., Qi, L., Fahey Jr, G. C., & Klurfeld, D. M. (2013) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.067629 · Cited by 421
The 2015 Dutch food-based dietary guidelines
Kromhout, D., Spaaij, C. J. K., de Goede, J., & Weggemans, R. M. (2016) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.52 · Cited by 416
The Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: Shifting the Focus to Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Clustering
Magge, S. N., Goodman, E., Armstrong, S., ENDOCRINOLOGY, S. O., OBESITY, S. O., Daniels, S. R., Corkins, M. R., de Ferranti, S. D., Golden, N. H., Kim, J. H., et al. (2017) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2017-1603 · Cited by 426
Dietary advanced lipid oxidation endproducts are risk factors to human health
Kanner, J. (2007) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.200600303 · Cited by 387
Changing dietary habits of ethnic groups in Europe and implications for health
Gilbert, P. A., & Khokhar, S. (2008) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00025.x · Cited by 347
Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of stroke: A meta-analysis of cohort studies
Dauchet, L., Amouyel, P., & Dallongeville, J. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000180600.09719.53 · Cited by 339
“Communities (9) Population based 2003 USA 5,171/6,669 45–64 11 1987–1989 Baseline 214”
Intakes of whole grains, bran, and germ and the risk of coronary heart disease in men
Jensen, M. K., Koh-Banerjee, P., Hu, F. B., FRANZ, M. M., Sampson, L., Grønbæk, M., & Rimm, E. B. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1492 · Cited by 339
Associations of plant food, dairy product, and meat intakes with 15-y incidence of elevated blood pressure in young black and white adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
Steffen, L. M., Kroenke, C. H., Yu, X., Pereira, M. A., Slattery, M. L., Horn, L. V., Gross, M. D., & Jacobs, D. R. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.6.1169 · Cited by 334
Self-citation
Targeting autophagy in ischemic stroke: From molecular mechanisms to clinical therapeutics
Ajoolabady, A., Wang, S., Kroemer, G., Penninger, J. M., Uversky, V. N., Praticò, D., Henninger, N., Reiter, R. J., Bruno, A., JOSHIPURA, K. J., et al. (2021) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107848 · Cited by 334
Whole-grain intake is inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome and mortality in older adults
Sahyoun, N. R., Jacques, P. F., Zhang, X. L., Juan, W., & McKeown, N. M. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.1.124 · Cited by 328
“Consistent with other studies (7, 8, 45), no relation between refined-grain intake and CVD mortality was observed in the present study.”
BackgroundResult
Applying the Socio-ecological Model to Improving Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among Low-Income African Americans
Robinson, T. D. (2008) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-008-9109-5 · Cited by 361
Cereal grains and legumes in the prevention of coronary heart disease and stroke: a review of the literature
Flight, I. H. K., & Clifton, P. M. (2006) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602435 · Cited by 308
“7 g/day) was observed for a lower BMI in those with the highest intake.”
Influential
Dietary Fruits and Vegetables and Cardiovascular Diseases Risk
Alissa, E. M., & Ferns, G. A. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2015.1040487 · Cited by 322
“the vegetable category as in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (Steffen et al., 2003) has not been con-”
Background
Diet and Alzheimer’s disease risk factors or prevention: the current evidence
Solfrizzi, V., Panza, F., Frisardi, V., Seripa, D., Logroscino, G., Imbimbo, B. P., & Pilotto, A. (2011) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.11.56 · Cited by 310
Nutritional characterization and measurement of dietary carbohydrates
Englyst, K. N., Liu, S., & Englyst, H. N. (2007) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602937 · Cited by 280
“The benefits of plant cell-wall-rich foods is supported by prospective observational studies that identified significant inverse relationships between intake of fruits, vegetables and whole grains and incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and some cancers (Jacobs et al., 1998; Liu et al., 1999, 2003; van Dam e…”
Background
Putting the Whole Grain Puzzle Together: Health Benefits Associated with Whole Grains—Summary of American Society for Nutrition 2010 Satellite Symposium1–3
Jonnalagadda, S. S., Harnack, L., Liu, R. H., McKeown, N. M., Seal, C. J., Liu, S., & Fahey, G. C., Jr. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.132944 · Cited by 272
“Steffen LM, Jacobs DR Jr, Stevens J, Shahar E, Carithers T, Folsom AR. Associations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable consumption with risks of all-cause mortality and incident coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.”
BackgroundInfluential
Effect Size Estimates of Lifestyle and Dietary Changes on All-Cause Mortality in Coronary Artery Disease Patients
Iestra, J. A., Kromhout, D., van der Schouw, Y. T., Grobbee, D. E., Boshuizen, H. C., & van Staveren, W. A. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.104.503995 · Cited by 265
“Finally, population-based cohort studies that study all-causes mortality in relation to the intake of fruits and vegetables, 87–90 whole grains, 87,91,92 legumes, 93 nuts, 94,95 or salt 96–98 are scarce but are generally supportive of a protective effect of the recommendations.”
Fruits, vegetables and coronary heart disease
Dauchet, L., Amouyel, P., & Dallongeville, J. (2009) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2009.131 · Cited by 270
Wheat Aleurone: Separation, Composition, Health Aspects, and Potential Food Use
Brouns, F. J. P. H., Hémery, Y., Price, R. K., & Anson, N. M. (2012) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.589540 · Cited by 263
“…fred.brouns@maastrichtuniversity.nl Chatenoud et al., 1998; 1999; Slavin et al., 1999; Slavin, 2000; 2003; 2004; Jacobs et al., 1998; 2000; 2001; Steffen et al., 2003; Koh-Banerjee and Rimm, 2003; Larsson et al., 2005; Esmaillzadeh et al., 2005; Sahyoun et al., 2006; Jensen et al., 2006; de…”
Fruits and Vegetables Consumption and Risk of Stroke: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Hu, D., Huang, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, D., & Qu, Y. (2014) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.114.004836 · Cited by 258
Greater Whole-Grain Intake Is Associated with Lower Risk of Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Weight Gain
Ye, E. Q., Chacko, S. A., Chou, E. L., Kugizaki, M., & Liu, S. (2012) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.113.179473 · Cited by 257
A priori–defined dietary patterns and markers of cardiovascular disease risk in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
Nettleton, J. A., Schulze, M. B., Jiang, R., Jenny, N. S., Burke, G. L., & Jacobs, D. R. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.1.185 · Cited by 252
Self-citation
Health effects of dietary fiber
Ötleş, S., & Özgöz, S. (2014) · Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria · doi:10.17306/j.afs.2014.2.8 · Cited by 261
Low Serum Micronutrient Concentrations Predict Frailty Among Older Women Living in the Community
Semba, R. D., Bartali, B., Zhou, J., Blaum, C. S., Ko, C.-W., & Fried, L. P. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/61.6.594 · Cited by 241
Fruit and vegetable intakes, dietary antioxidant nutrients, and total mortality in Spanish adults: findings from the Spanish cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain)
Agudo, A., Cabrera, L., Amiano, P., Ardanáz, E., Barricarte, A., Berenguer, T., Chirlaque, M. D., Dorronsoro, M., Jakszyn, P. G., Larrañaga, N., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1634 · Cited by 235
Intake of Vegetables, Legumes, and Fruit, and Risk for All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality in a European Diabetic Population
Nöthlings, U., Schulze, M. B., Weikert, C., Boeing, H., van der Schouw, Y. T., Bamia, C., Benetou, V., Λάγιου, Π., Krogh, V., Beulens, J. W. J., et al. (2008) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/138.4.775 · Cited by 227
Whole-grain foods do not affect insulin sensitivity or markers of lipid peroxidation and inflammation in healthy, moderately overweight subjects
Andersson, A., Tengblad, S., Karlström, B., Kamal-Eldin, A., Landberg, R., Basu, S., Åman, P., & Vessby, B. (2007) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/137.6.1401 · Cited by 221
Health concern, food choice motives, and attitudes toward healthy eating: The mediating role of food choice motives
Sun, Y.-H. C. (2007) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.11.004 · Cited by 226
Whole grains, bran, and germ in relation to homocysteine and markers of glycemic control, lipids, and inflammation
Jensen, M. K., Koh-Banerjee, P., FRANZ, M. M., Sampson, L., Grønbæk, M., & Rimm, E. B. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.2.275 · Cited by 226
“Conversely, intake of refined flour, which consists mainly of the starchy endosperm, was not associated with diabetes and IHD risk in these studies (2, 5, 6).”
Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Zhan, J., Liu, Y.-J., Cai, L.-B., Xu, F.-R., Xie, T., & He, Q.-Q. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2015.1008980 · Cited by 217
“Data from 30 cohorts (Gillman et al., 1995; Liu et al., 2000; Bazzano et al., 2002b; Johnsen et al., 2003; Rissanen et al., 2003; Steffen et al., 2003; Genkinger et al., 2004; Takachi et al., 2008; Dauchet et al., 2010; Nechuta et al., 2010; Oude Griep et al., 2010; Bendinelli et al., 2011; Crowe…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Whole Grain Intake and Mortality From All Causes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer
Zong, G., Gao, A., Hu, F. B., & Sun, Q. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.021101 · Cited by 217
LA Sprouts: A Gardening, Nutrition, and Cooking Intervention for Latino Youth Improves Diet and Reduces Obesity
Davis, J. N., Ventura, E. E., Cook, L. T., Gyllenhammer, L. E., & Gatto, N. M. (2011) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2011.05.009 · Cited by 216
Whole grain intake and its cross-sectional association with obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, diabetes and subclinical CVD: The MESA Study
Lutsey, P. L., Jacobs, D. R., Kori, S., Mayer‐Davis, E. J., Shea, S., Steffen, L. M., Szklo, M., & Tracy, R. P. (2007) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114507700715 · Cited by 213
“Ruling out the possibility of residual confounding is particularly difficult in this analysis, as whole grain consumers tend to report healthier lifestyle habits than non-consumers (Jacobs et al. 1998; Steffen et al. 2003b).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Dietary Fiber from Underutilized Plant Resources—A Positive Approach for Valorization of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes
Hussain, S., Jõudu, I., & Bhat, R. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12135401 · Cited by 216
“Besides, high intake of dietary fiber is linked with decreased risk of hypertension [40], obesity [41,42], diabetes [43], coronary heart disease [44], stroke [45], and certain gastrointestinal disorders [46,47].”
Background
Whole grain intake and cardiovascular disease: A review
Jacobs, D. R., & Gallaher, D. D. (2004) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-004-0081-y · Cited by 198
Self-citation
1H NMR metabolite profiling of feces as a tool to assess the impact of nutrition on the human microbiome
Jacobs, D. M., Deltimple, N., van Velzen, E. J. J., van Dorsten, F. A., Bingham, M. O., Vaughan, E. E., & van Duynhoven, J. (2007) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.1233 · Cited by 198
Self-citation
The Burden of Carbohydrates in Health and Disease
Clemente‐Suárez, V. J., Mielgo‐Ayuso, J., Martín-Rodríguez, A., Ramos‐Campo, D. J., Redondo-Flórez, L., & Tornero-Aguilera, J. F. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14183809 · Cited by 242
Relation of Different Fruit and Vegetable Sources With Incident Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Zurbau, A., Au‐Yeung, F., Mejía, S. B., Khan, T. A., Vuksan, V. V. V., Jovanovski, E., Leiter, L. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Jenkins, D. J. A., & Sievenpiper, J. L. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.120.017728 · Cited by 204
Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Risk of Total Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study
Takachi, R., Inoue, M., Ishihara, J., Kurahashi, N., Iwasaki, M., Sasazuki, S., Iso, H., Tsubono, Y., Tsugane, S., & for the JPHC Study Group (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm263 · Cited by 184
Dietary patterns, food groups, and telomere length in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
Nettleton, J. A., Diez-Roux, A., Jenny, N. S., Fitzpatrick, A. L., & Jacobs, D. R. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26429 · Cited by 184
“For example, whole grains (14–16), nuts (17), and fruit and vegetables (16, 18, 19), as well as dietary patterns characterized by high intake of these food components, were inversely associated with total mortality (20–29).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
PEDIATRIC OBESITY AND INSULIN RESISTANCE: Chronic Disease Risk and Implications for Treatment and Prevention Beyond Body Weight Modification
Cruz, M. L., Shaibi, G. Q., Weigensberg, M. J., Spruijt‐Metz, D., Ball, G. D. C., & Goran, M. I. (2005) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092625 · Cited by 183
“In addition, epidemiological studies show that intake of whole grains is associated with protection from type 2 diabetes (127) as well as coronary artery disease (171).”
Background
Association Between Dietary Whole Grain Intake and Risk of Mortality: Two Large Prospective Studies in US Men and Women
Wu, H., Flint, A. J., Qi, Q., van Dam, R. M., Sampson, L. A., Rimm, E. B., Holmes, M. D., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B., & Sun, Q. (2015) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.6283 · Cited by 191
The High Cost of Not Consuming Fruits and Vegetables
Bazzano, L. (2006) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2006.06.021 · Cited by 175
Does Food Group Consumption Vary by Differences in Socioeconomic, Demographic, and Lifestyle Factors in Young Adults? The Bogalusa Heart Study
Deshmukh-Taskar, P., Nicklas, T. A., Yang, S.-J., & Berenson, G. S. (2007) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2006.11.004 · Cited by 174
Consumption of fruit and vegetable and risk of coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Gan, Y., Tong, X., Li, L., Cao, S., Yin, X., Gao, C., Herath, C., Li, W., Jin, Z., Chen, Y., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.01.077 · Cited by 173
Whole-grain intake and total, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies
Chen, G., Tong, X., Xu, J., Han, S.-F., Wan, Z., Qin, J., & Qin, L. (2016) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.122432 · Cited by 167
“Dietary information was collected with self-administered food frequency questionnaires, with the exceptions of 3 studies (13, 21, 24) in which interviews were performed and one study (23) in which a 3-d food record was applied.”
BackgroundMethod
Chia seeds products: an overview
de Falco, B., Amato, M., & Lanzotti, V. (2017) · Phytochemistry Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11101-017-9511-7 · Cited by 166
“In fact, the fiber has prebiotic effect and it is active on coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, obesity and gastrointestinal disorders (Lairon et al. 2005; Liu et al. 1999; Montonen et al. 2003; Petruzziello et al. 2006; Steffen et al. 2003; Whelton et al. 2005).”
Background
Macronutrient intake induces oxidative and inflammatory stress: potential relevance to atherosclerosis and insulin resistance
Dandona, P., Ghanim, H., Chaudhuri, A., Dhindsa, S., & Kim, S. S. (2010) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3858/emm.2010.42.4.033 · Cited by 166
“Increased dietary fiber intake has been shown to reduce the risk of CHD by 29%, stroke by 26%, diabetes by 19% and obesity by 30% in cohort studies (Liu et al., 1999; Montonen et al., 2003; Steffen et al., 2003; Lairon et al., 2005).”
Comparative Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities of Some Wild and Cultivated Blueberries from Romania
Bunea, A., Rugină, D. O., Pintea, A., Diaconeasa, Z. M., Bunea, C. I., & Socaciu, C. (2011) · Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca · doi:10.15835/nbha3926265 · Cited by 160
“Epidemiological studies indicated that a higher level of natural antioxidants (ascorbic acids, vitamin E, carotenoids and phenolics) in human everyday diet can protect against cardiovascular diseases, cataract, cancer and aging-related disorders (Steffen et al., 2003).”
Background
Estimation of Antioxidant Intakes from Diet and Supplements in U.S. Adults
Chun, O. K., Floegel, A., Chung, S., Chung, C., Song, W. O., & Koo, S. I. (2009) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.109.114413 · Cited by 163
Carotenoids as protection against sarcopenia in older adults
Semba, R. D., Lauretani, F., & Ferrucci, L. (2006) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2006.11.025 · Cited by 157
Dietary magnesium and fiber intakes and inflammatory and metabolic indicators in middle-aged subjects from a population-based cohort
Bo, S., Durazzo, M., Guidi, S., Carello, M., Sacerdote, C., Silli, B., Rosato, R., Cassader, M., Gentile, L., & Pagano, G. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.5.1062 · Cited by 154
Fruit and vegetable consumption and all-cause mortality: a dose-response analysis
Bellavia, A., Larsson, S. C., Bottai, M., Wolk, A., & Orsini, N. (2013) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.056119 · Cited by 158
Carbohydrate Quantity and Quality in Relation to Body Mass Index
Gaesser, G. A. (2007) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2007.07.011 · Cited by 151
Greater Fish, Fruit, and Vegetable Intakes Are Related to Lower Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism
Steffen, L. M., Folsom, A. R., Cushman, M., Jacobs, D. R., & Rosamond, W. D. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.641688 · Cited by 149
Self-citation
Fiber and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Erkkilä, A. T., & Lichtenstein, A. H. (2006) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/00005082-200601000-00003 · Cited by 146
“High intakes of whole grains and fruit and vegetables have been associated with slightly reduced risk of stroke in the Nurses_ Health study,(59,60) but not in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.(61) There was a weak inverse association between fruit and vegetable consumption and stroke incidence in t…”
Background
Whole-grain consumption is associated with a reduced risk of noncardiovascular, noncancer death attributed to inflammatory diseases in the Iowa Women's Health Study
Jacobs, D. R., Andersen, L. F., & Blomhoff, R. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1606 · Cited by 174
“Refined grains, in contrast, do not appear to offer protection and may instead increase the risk of chronic diseases (4).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Effects of kiwi fruit consumption on platelet aggregation and plasma lipids in healthy human volunteers
Duttaroy, A. K., & Jørgensen, A. (2004) · Platelets · doi:10.1080/09537100410001710290 · Cited by 140
“Epidemiological studies as well as laboratory experiments have provided very strong evidence that fruits and vegetables and specific antioxidants are beneficial for human health.(33,34) The protective effects of vegetables and fruit may in part be attributed to antioxidant vitamins and specific polyphenols that displa…”
Background
Health Benefits of Dietary Whole Grains: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses
McRae, M. P. (2016) · Journal of Chiropractic Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2016.08.008 · Cited by 140
Association Between Ultra-Processed Food Intake and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Taneri, P. E., Wehrli, F., Roa‐Díaz, Z. M., Itodo, O. A., Salvador, D., Raeisi‐Dehkordi, H., Bally, L., Minder, B., Jong, J. C. K., Laine, J. E., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwac039 · Cited by 156
Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Progress and Challenges in Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents. A
McCrindle, B. W., Mietus‐Snyder, M., Steinberger, J., Daniels, S. R., Eckel, R. H., & Hayman, L. L. (2009) · Cited by 138
Associations of cereal grains intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality across 21 countries in Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology study: prospective cohort study
Swaminathan, S., Dehghan, M., Raj, J. M., Thomas, T. S., Rangarajan, S., Jenkins, D. J. A., Mony, P. K., Mohan, V., Lear, S. A., Avezum, Á., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m4948 · Cited by 138
Inverse relation between dietary fiber intake and visceral adiposity in overweight Latino youth
Davis, J. N., Alexander, K. E., Ventura, E. E., Toledo‐Corral, C. M., & Goran, M. I. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28133 · Cited by 139
“Latino youth are more likely to be at risk of overweight than are white youth, with 40.5% of Latino boys and 37.1% of Latino girls (12–19 y of age) being overweight ( 85th Centers for Disease Control and Prevention percentile) compared with 34.5% of white boys and 31.7% of whites girls (1, 2).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Effects of Whole Grains on Coronary Heart Disease Risk
Harris, K. A., & Kris‐Etherton, P. M. (2010) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-010-0136-1 · Cited by 134
Antioxidant vitamins intake and the risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies
Ye, Z., & Song, H. (2008) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/hjr.0b013e3282f11f95 · Cited by 131
Whole-grain intake as a marker of healthy body weight and adiposity
Harland, J. I., & Garton, L. E. (2008) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980007001279 · Cited by 104
Dietary factors and incident atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study
Shen, J., Johnson, V. M., SULLIVAN, L. M., Jacques, P. F., Magnani, J. W., Lubitz, S. A., Pandey, S., Levy, D. A., Vasan, R. S., Quatromoni, P. A., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.001305 · Cited by 133
Cereal fiber and whole-grain intake are associated with reduced progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease
Erkkilä, A. T., Herrington, D. M., Mozaffarian, D., & Lichtenstein, A. H. (2005) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2004.08.013 · Cited by 131
Frequency of Citrus Fruit Intake Is Associated With the Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease: The Jichi Medical School Cohort Study
Yamada, T., Hayasaka, S., Shibata, Y., Ojima, T., Saegusa, T., Gotoh, T., Ishikawa, S., Nakamura, Y., & Kayaba, K. (2011) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20100084 · Cited by 131
Whole grains and CVD risk
Seal, C. J. (2006) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns2005482 · Cited by 128
Whole-Grain Intake and Mortality from All Causes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Benisi-Kohansal, S., Saneei, P., Salehi‐Marzijarani, M., Larijani, B. A., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2016) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.115.011635 · Cited by 142
“Of 11 studies (11, 14, 15, 18, 22, 24, 37–40, 43, 45) with all-cause mortality as the main outcome, 6 studies (14, 22, 24, 38, 39, 45) found a protective association with whole-grain intake, and 4 others (11, 37, 40, 43) did not find a significant association.”
BackgroundInfluential
Wholegrain cereals for coronary heart disease
Kelly, S. A., Summerbell, C., Brynes, A. E., Whittaker, V., & Frost, G. S. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005051.pub2 · Cited by 132
Whole- and refined-grain intakes and the risk of hypertension in women
Wang, L., Gaziano, J. M., Liu, S., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E., & Sesso, H. D. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.2.472 · Cited by 129
“An inverse association between whole-grain intake and the prevalence of hypertension was observed in cross-sectional analyses (2, 3, 6).”
Background
Whole-Grain Consumption Is Associated with Diet Quality and Nutrient Intake in Adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004
O’Neil, C. E., Nicklas, T. A., Zanovec, M. T., & Cho, S. S. (2010) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.07.012 · Cited by 126
Flavonoid intake and all-cause mortality
Ivey, K. L., Hodgson, J. M., Croft, K. D., Lewis, J. R., & Prince, R. L. (2015) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.073106 · Cited by 128
Effects of the regular consumption of wholemeal wheat foods on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy people
Giacco, R., Clemente, G., Cipriano, D. A. M., Luongo, D., Viscovo, D., Patti, L., Marino, L., Giacco, A., Naviglio, D., Bianchi, M. A., et al. (2009) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2009.03.025 · Cited by 124
Perceptions of Children, Parents, and Teachers Regarding Whole-Grain Foods, and Implications for a School-Based Intervention
Burgess-Champoux, T. L., Marquart, L. F., VICKERS, Z. M., & Reicks, M. M. (2006) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2006.04.147 · Cited by 125
Association of whole grain intake with all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis from prospective cohort studies
Zhang, B., Zhao, Q., Guo, W., Bao, W., & Wang, X. (2017) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2017.149 · Cited by 124
Whole and Refined Grain Intakes Are Related to Inflammatory Protein Concentrations in Human Plasma
Masters, R. C., Liese, A. D., Haffner, S. M., Wagenknecht, L. E., & Hanley, A. J. (2010) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.109.116640 · Cited by 121
Combined Impact of Lifestyle-Related Factors on Total and Cause-Specific Mortality among Chinese Women: Prospective Cohort Study
Nechuta, S., Shu, X., Li, H., Yang, G., Xiang, Y., Cai, H., Chow, W., Ji, B., Zhang, X., Wen, W., et al. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000339 · Cited by 123
“Lifestyle-related factors—such as high adiposity, low or no exercise participation, unhealthy dietary habits, and environmental tobacco smoke—each have been linked to an increased risk of multiple chronic diseases and premature death [1–11].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential

Authors: Steffen, L. M., Jacobs, D. R., Stevens, J., Shahar, E., Carithers, T., & Folsom, A. R.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
Corresponding author: Steffen, Lyn M
ORCID: Steffen, Lyn M
Jacobs, David R
Shahar, Eyal
Carithers, Teresa
Folsom, Aaron R
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-09
Volume: 78
Issue: 3
Pages: 383-390
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/78.3.383
OpenAlex: W2100700568
Cited by: 538
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 22.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 7109 d)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (n01hc55021-47-0-1, n01hc55020-39-0-0, n01hc55016-37-0-0, n01hc055022-024, n01hc55019-35-0-1, n01hc55018-38-0-1, n01hc55015-48-0-1)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01-HC55022, N01-HC-55018, N01 HC 55020, N01 HC 55019, N01-HC55016, N01‐HC‐55015, N01-HC55021)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
Keywords: whole grain intake, fruit and vegetable intake, all-cause mortality, coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, dietary intake, African Americans, cardiovascular risk
MeSH terms: Arteriosclerosis, Edible Grain, Coronary Artery Disease, Diet, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Fruit, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk, Vegetables, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Proportional Hazards Models, Stroke

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Associations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable consumption with risks of all-cause mortality and incident coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks