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Cited by 459Motor Control and AdaptationNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesMemory and Neural Mechanisms

Attention and stimulus characteristics determine the locus of motor-sequence encoding. A PET study

Hazeltine, E·1997·Brain
DOI 10.1093/brain/120.1.123
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Abstract

PET revealed the effects of stimulus characteristics on the neural substrate of motor learning. Right-handed subjects performed a serial reaction time task with colour-coded stimuli to eliminate the potential for learned eye-movements. The task was performed with the right hand under two different conditions. In one condition, subjects simultaneously performed a distractor task. Although they did show behavioural evidence of learning, they were not explicitly aware of the stimulus-response sequence. In the second condition, there was no distractor task, and seven out of the 11 subjects then became explicitly aware of the stimulus sequence. Metabolic correlates of learning were distinct in the two conditions. When learning was implicit under dual-task conditions, learning-related changes were observed in left motor and supplementary motor cortex as well as in the putamen. These regions are similar to those observed in a previous study in which the stimuli were cued by spatial position. Under single-task conditions, metabolic changes were found in the right prefrontal cortex and premotor cortex, as well as in the temporal lobe. A similar shift to the right hemisphere was observed in the spatial study during single-task learning. However, explicit learning of the task with colour stimuli activated more ventral regions. The areas supporting motor-sequence learning are contingent on both stimulus properties and attentional constraints.

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  • Depending on the task, neuroimaging studies have reported a general decrease in cortical activity, increases in cortical activity, or a more complex redistribution where activity increases in some areas and decreases in others during practice.

    “Depending on the task, some studies have reported a general decrease in cortical activity [52–55], a few have reported increases [56–59], and some have reported a more complex redistribution where activity increases in some areas and decreases in others [60–62].”

    From Cortical and basal ganglia contributions to habit learning and automaticity (2010) · cites this paper as [57]

  • Extended training of a motor skill leads to increased rather than decreased task-related activation of the sensorimotor cortex.

    “For instance, extended training of a motor skill leads to increased rather than decreased task-related activation of the sensorimotor cortex [56–58, 64–65], and extended training (e.g., for two years) induces learning-related changes in task-related activity of neurons in primary motor cortex [4].”

    From Cortical and basal ganglia contributions to habit learning and automaticity (2010) · cites this paper as [57]

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Authors
Hazeltine, E.
Affiliations
University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author
Hazeltine, E
ORCID
Hazeltine, E
Venue
Brain
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
1997-01-01
Volume
120
Issue
1
Pages
123-140
ISSN
  • 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
  • 1460-2156
DOI
10.1093/brain/120.1.123
OpenAlex
W2123757678
Cited by
459
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 12
FWCI
11.21
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Brain (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5k08ns001568-04)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 01568, NS-30256, NS 33504, R01NS033504)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords
motor sequence learning, serial reaction time task, implicit learning, explicit learning, attention, distractor task, supplementary motor area, prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, putamen, hemispheric lateralization, stimulus characteristics
MeSH terms
Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Learning, Male, Motor Activity, Motor Cortex, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Regional Blood Flow, Tomography, Emission-Computed

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