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Cited by 370Motor Control and AdaptationMemory and Neural MechanismsNeuroscience and Music Perception

Dynamic cortical involvement in implicit and explicit motor sequence learning. A PET study

Honda, M·1998·Brain
DOI 10.1093/brain/121.11.2159
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Abstract

We examined the dynamic involvement of different brain regions in implicit and explicit motor sequence learning using PET. In a serial reaction time task, subjects pressed each of four buttons with a different finger of the right hand in response to a visually presented number. Test sessions consisted of 10 cycles of the same 10-item sequence. The effects of explicit and implicit learning were assessed separately using a different behavioural parameter for each type of learning: correct recall of the test sequence for explicit learning and improvement of reaction time before the successful recall of any component of the test sequence for implicit learning. Regional cerebral blood flow was measured repeatedly during the task, and a parametric analysis was performed to identify brain regions in which activity was significantly correlated with subjects' performances: i.e. with correct recall of the test sequence or with reaction time. Explicit learning, shown as a positive correlation with the correct recall of the sequence, was associated with increased activity in the posterior parietal cortex, precuneus and premotor cortex bilaterally, also in the supplementary motor area (SMA) predominantly in the left anterior part, left thalamus, and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, the reaction time showed a different pattern of correlation during different learning phases. During the implicit learning phase, when the subjects were not aware of the sequence, improvement of the reaction time was associated with increased activity in the contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1). During the explicit learning phase, the reaction time was significantly correlated with activity in a part of the frontoparietal network. During the post-learning phase, when the subjects achieved all components of the sequence explicitly, the reaction time was correlated with the activity in the ipsilateral SM1 and posterior part of the SMA. These results show that different sets of cortical regions are dynamically involved in implicit and explicit motor sequence learning.

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  • Depending on the task, neuroimaging studies have reported a general decrease in cortical activity, increases in cortical activity, or a more complex redistribution where activity increases in some areas and decreases in others during practice.

    “Depending on the task, some studies have reported a general decrease in cortical activity [52–55], a few have reported increases [56–59], and some have reported a more complex redistribution where activity increases in some areas and decreases in others [60–62].”

    From Cortical and basal ganglia contributions to habit learning and automaticity (2010) · cites this paper as [58]

  • Extended training of a motor skill leads to increased rather than decreased task-related activation of the sensorimotor cortex.

    “For instance, extended training of a motor skill leads to increased rather than decreased task-related activation of the sensorimotor cortex [56–58, 64–65], and extended training (e.g., for two years) induces learning-related changes in task-related activity of neurons in primary motor cortex [4].”

    From Cortical and basal ganglia contributions to habit learning and automaticity (2010) · cites this paper as [58]

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Hazeltine E, Grafton ST, Ivry R. Attention and stimulus characteristics determine the locus of motor-sequence encoding. Brain 1997; 120: 123-40.
  2. Pascual-Leone A, Cammarota A, Wassermann EM, Brasil-Neto JP, Cohen LG, Hallett M. Modulation of motor cortical ouptuts to the reading hand of Braille readers. Ann Neurol 1993; 34: 33-7.
  3. Squire LR. Memory and brain. New York: Oxford University Press; 1987.

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Authors
Honda, M.
Affiliations
National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author
Honda, M
ORCID
Honda, M
Venue
Brain
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
1998-11-01
Volume
121
Issue
11
Pages
2159-2173
ISSN
  • 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
  • 1460-2156
DOI
10.1093/brain/121.11.2159
OpenAlex
W2046084472
Cited by
370
References
77
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 11
FWCI
5.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Brain (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • University of Oregon
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Mental Health
  • NIH Clinical Center
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
Keywords
implicit motor learning, explicit motor learning, motor sequence learning, serial reaction time task, regional cerebral blood flow, posterior parietal cortex, precuneus, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, primary sensorimotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, thalamus, frontoparietal network, reaction time, sequence recall
MeSH terms
Adult, Analysis of Variance, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cerebellum, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Parietal Lobe, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Serial Learning, Tomography, Emission-Computed

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