Visual Word Recognition in the Left and Right Hemispheres: Anatomical and Functional Correlates of Peripheral Alexias
Abstract
According to a simple anatomical and functional model of word reading, letters displayed in one hemifield are first analysed through a cascade of contralateral retinotopic areas, which compute increasingly abstract representations. Eventually, an invariant representation of letter identities is created in the visual word form area (VWFA), reproducibly located within the left occipito-temporal sulcus. The VWFA then projects to structures involved in phonological or lexico-semantic processing. This model yields detailed predictions on the reading impairments that may follow left occipitotemporal lesions. Those predictions were confronted to behavioural, anatomical and functional MRI data gathered in normals and in patients suffering from left posterior cerebral artery infarcts. In normal subjects, alphabetic stimuli activated both the VWFA and the right-hemispheric symmetrical region (R-VWFA) relative to fixation, but only the VWFA showed a preference for alphabetic strings over simple chequerboards. The comparison of normalized brain lesions with reading-induced activations showed that the critical lesion site for the classical syndrome of pure alexia can be tightly localized to the VWFA. Reading impairments resulting from deafferentation of an intact VWFA from right- or left-hemispheric input were dissected using the same methods, shedding light on the connectivity of the VWFA. Finally, the putative role of right-hemispheric processing in the letter-by-letter reading strategy was clarified. In a letter-by-letter reader, the R-VWFA assumed some of the functional properties normally specific to the VWFA. These data corroborate our initial model of normal word perception and underline that an alternative right-hemispheric pathway can underlie functional recovery from alexia.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Pure alexia patients are able to identify single letters, and develop letter-by-letter reading strategies resulting in reading latencies that increase by hundreds of milliseconds for each additional letter.
“In contrast to global alexia, PA patients are able to identify single letters, and develop letter-by-letter reading strategies resulting in reading latencies that increase by hundreds of milliseconds for each additional letter [49].”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [49]
This lesion overlap region was larger than the VWFA strictly defined but precisely encompassed the region of activation to words identified in fMRI studies of reading.
“Although this region was admittedly larger than the VWFA strictly defined, it precisely encompassed the region of activation to words identified in fMRI studies of reading (Cohen et al., 2003).”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2003
The effect holds quite generally, at least in passive viewing conditions or with tasks that require equal attention to words and to consonant strings; no difference, or even a reversal, can be observed if the task is more difficult to perform with consonant strings than with words.
“This holds quite generally, at least in passive viewing conditions or with tasks that require equal attention to words and to consonant strings; no difference, or even a reversal, can be observed if the task is more difficult to perform with consonant strings than with words (Cohen et al., 2003).”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2003
Binder and Mohr (1992), Damasio and Damasio (1983), and Cohen et al. (2003) agree on the lateral edge of the left fusiform gyrus as associated with pure alexia.
“Such work was done by Binder and Mohr (1992), Damasio and Damasio (1983), and more recently by our group (Cohen et al., 2003), with a good agreement of these studies on the lateral edge of the left fusiform gyrus.”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2003
In the authors' recent work, a similar region of lesion overlap in the fusiform gyrus was found.
“In our recent work, we also found a similar region of lesion overlap in the fusiform gyrus.”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2003
Simple considerations on the input and output pathways of the VWFA provide a detailed and consistent explanation for the variety of visual alexias seen in adult neuropsychological cases.
“Altogether, simple considerations on the input and output pathways of the VWFA provide a detailed and consistent explanation for the variety of visual alexias seen in adult neuropsychological cases (Cohen et al., 2003).”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2003
Cites
The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory
Oldfield, R. C. (1971) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4 · Cited by 35,900 · see citing works
A default mode of brain function
Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.676 · Cited by 12,190 · see citing works
The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception
Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-11-04302.1997 · Cited by 7,738 · see citing works
Talairach, J., Tournoux, P., & Rayport, M. (1988) · Thieme eBooks · Cited by 5,058 · see citing works
Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical Review of 275 PET and fMRI Studies
Cabeza, R., & Nyberg, L. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290051137585 · Cited by 3,598 · see citing works
Searching for a baseline: Functional imaging and the resting human brain
Gusnard, D. A., & Raichle, M. E. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35094500 · Cited by 3,371 · see citing works
Mesulam, M. (1998) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/121.6.1013 · Cited by 3,072 · see citing works
Cohen, L., Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Lehéricy, S., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., Hénaff, M.-A., & Michel, F. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.2.291 · Cited by 1,954 · see citing works
Self-citationBuilding Memories: Remembering and Forgetting of Verbal Experiences as Predicted by Brain Activity
Wagner, A. D., Schacter, D. L., Rotte, M., Koutstaal, W., Maril, A., Dale, A. M., Rosen, B. R., & Buckner, R. L. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.281.5380.1188 · Cited by 1,620 · see citing works
The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus
McCandliss, B. D., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00134-7 · Cited by 1,489 · see citing works
Self-citationInferotemporal cortex and object vision
Tanaka, K. (1996) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.19.030196.000545 · Cited by 1,402 · see citing works
Vogt, B. A., Finch, D. M., & Olson, C. R. (1992) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/2.6.435-a · Cited by 1,315 · see citing works
Cerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming
Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Cohen, L., Bihan, D. L., Mangin, J.-F., Poline, J.-B., & Rivière, D. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/89551 · Cited by 1,305 · see citing works
Self-citationLanguage‐specific tuning of visual cortex? Functional properties of the Visual Word Form Area
Cohen, L., Lehéricy, S., Chochon, F., Lemer, C., Rivaud, S., & Dehaene, S. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf094 · Cited by 1,254 · cited 21× · see citing works
“It does not show the same preference for alphabetic stimuli over geometric shapes as the VWFA (Cohen et al., 2002), and may not represent letters in a case invariant format (Dehaene et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationKalanit Grill-spector, A., Kushnir, T., Edelman, S., Avidan, G., Itzchak, Y., & Malach, R. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80832-6 · Cited by 1,156 · see citing works
Conceptual Processing during the Conscious Resting State: A Functional MRI Study
Binder, J. R., Frost, J. A., Hammeke, T. A., Bellgowan, P. S. F., Rao, S. M., & Cox, R. W. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892999563265 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Selective averaging of rapidly presented individual trials using fMRI
Dale, A. M., & Buckner, R. L. (1997) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1997)5:5 · Cited by 1,028 · see citing works
Puce, A., Allison, T., Asgari, M., Gore, J. C., & McCarthy, G. (1996) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-16-05205.1996 · Cited by 987 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Thus, the VWFA is activated by alphabetic strings relative to fixation but also relative to complex non-alphabetic stimuli such as false fonts, faces or geometrical patterns (e.g. Price et al., 1996b; Puce et al., 1996; Cohen et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSpatial Normalization of Brain Images with Focal Lesions Using Cost Function Masking
Brett, M., Leff, A. P., Rorden, C., & Ashburner, J. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0845 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
Mazoyer, B., Zago, L., Mellet, E., Bricogne, S., Etard, O., Houdé, O., Crivello, F., Joliot, M., Petit, L., & Tzourio-Mazoyer, N. (2001) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00437-8 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Distributed representation of objects in the human ventral visual pathway
Ishai, A., Ungerleider, L. G., Martin, A. D., Schouten, J. L., & Haxby, J. V. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.16.9379 · Cited by 885 · see citing works
Simon, O., Mangin, J., Cohen, L., Bihan, D. L., & Dehaene, S. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00575-5 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural organization for the long-term memory of paired associates
Sakai, K., & Miyashita, Y. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/354152a0 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
The visual word form area: a prelexical representation of visual words in the fusiform gyrus
Dehaene, S., Le Clec’H, G., Poline, J.-B., Le Bihan, D., & Cohen, L. (2002) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200203040-00015 · Cited by 727 · see citing works
Center–periphery organization of human object areas
Levy, I., Hasson, U., Avidan, G., Hendler, T., & Malach, R. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/87490 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
A large-scale distributed network for covert spatial attention
Gitelman, D. R., Nobre, A. C., Parrish, T. B., LaBar, K. S., Kim, Y., Meyer, J. R., & Mesulam, M. M. (1999) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/122.6.1093 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
Functional MRI reveals spatially specific attentional modulation in human primary visual cortex
Somers, D. C., Dale, A. M., Seiffert, A. E., & Tootell, R. B. H. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1663 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
Functional connectivity of the angular gyrus in normal reading and dyslexia
Horwitz, B., Rumsey, J. M., & Donohue, B. C. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.15.8939 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Distributed Neural Systems for the Generation of Visual Images
Ishai, A., Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. V. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00168-9 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Category-specific visual responses of single neurons in the human medial temporal lobe
Kreiman, G., Christof Koch, A., & Fried, I. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/78868 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Demonstrating the implicit processing of visually presented words and pseudowords
Price, C. J., Wise, R. J. S., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1996) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/6.1.62 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
The physiological basis of attentional modulation in extrastriate visual areas
Chawla, D., Rees, G. E., & Friston, K. J. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/10230 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
WARRINGTON, E. K., & SHALLICE, T. (1980) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/103.1.99 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
The anatomic basis of pure alexia
Damasio, A. R., & Damasio, H. (1983) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.33.12.1573 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Dynamics of letter string perception in the human occipitotemporal cortex
Tarkiainen, A., Helenius, P., Hansen, P. C., Cornelissen, P. L., & Salmelin, R. (1999) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/122.11.2119 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
View-invariant representations of familiar objects by neurons in the inferior temporal visual cortex
Booth, M. J. (1998) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/8.6.510 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
The topography of high-order human object areas
Malach, R., Levy, I., & Hasson, U. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01870-3 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Degeneracy and cognitive anatomy
Price, C. J., & Friston, K. J. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01976-9 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Ralph, M. A. L., McClelland, J. L., Patterson, K. E., Galton, C. J., & Hodges, J. R. (2001) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290151137395 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
A multimodal language region in the ventral visual pathway
Büchel, C., Price, C., & Friston, K. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/28389 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Tsunoda, K., Yamane, Y., Nishizaki, M., & Tanifuji, M. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/90547 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Differential effects of number of letters on word and nonword naming latency
Weekes, B. S. (1997) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A · doi:10.1080/027249897392170 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Contribution a l'etude anatomo-pathologique et clinique des differentes varietes de cecite verbale
Dejerine, J. (2000) · Neurocase · doi:10.1093/neucas/6.4.275 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Form-specific visual priming in the right cerebral hemisphere.
Marsolek, C. J., Kosslyn, S. M., & Squire, L. R. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.18.3.492 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Extrapersonal Visual Unilateral Spatial Neglect and Its Neuroanatomy
Vallar, G. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0822 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Differential effects of word length and visual contrast in the fusiform and lingual gyri during
Mechelli, A., Humphreys, G. W., Mayall, K., Olson, A., & Price, C. J. (2000) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1229 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Contribution à l’étude anatomopathologique et clinique des différents variétés de cécité verbale
Dejerine, J. (1892) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Sur un cas de cécité verbale avec agraphie suivi d’autopsie
Dejerine, J. (1891) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Helenius, P. (1999) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/9.5.476 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Language and speech capacity of the right hemisphere
Gazzaniga, M. S., & Hillyard, S. A. (1971) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(71)90022-4 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
A Parametric Approach to Orthographic Processing in the Brain: An fMRI Study
Tagamets, M. A., Novick, J. M., Chalmers, M. L., & Friedman, R. B. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892900562101 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
THE TOPOGRAPHY OF CALLOSAL READING PATHWAYS: A CASE-CONTROL ANALYSIS
BINDER, J. R., & MOHR, J. P. (1992) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/115.6.1807 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Human cortical mechanisms of visual attention during orienting and search
Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (1998) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0289 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Bokde, A. L. W., Tagamets, M.-A., Friedman, R. B., & Horwitz, B. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00288-4 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Xu, B. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.3.267 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
The disconnection syndrome: Basic findings reaffirmed
Seymour, S. E., Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1994) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/117.1.105 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Developing Normal Reading Skills: Aspects of the Visual Processes Underlying Word Recognition
Aghababian, V., & Nazir, T. A. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.1999.2540 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
The Effect of Varying Stimulus Rate and Duration on Brain Activity during Reading
Price, C. J., Moore, C. J., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1996) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1996.0005 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
The functional anatomy of single-word reading in patients with hemianopic and pure alexia
Leff, A. P., Crewes, H., Plant, G. T., Scott, S. K., Christopher Kennard, C., & Wise, R. J. S. (2001) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/124.3.510 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
EVIDENCE FOR PRESERVED READING IN ‘PURE ALEXIA’
Coslett, H. B., & Saffran, E. M. (1989) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/112.2.327 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Cognitive Interaction After Staged Callosal Section: Evidence for Transfer of Semantic Activation
Sidtis, J. J., Volpe, B. T., Holtzman, J. D., Wilson, D. H., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6782673 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Form-specific visual priming for new associations in the right cerebral hemisphere
Marsolek, C. J., Schacter, D. L., & Nicholas, C. D. (1996) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03201082 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
CALCULATING WITHOUT READING: UNSUSPECTED RESIDUAL ABILITIES IN PURE ALEXIA
Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2000) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643290050110656 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationAlexia without agraphia or hemianopsia. Anatomical analysis of an autopsied case
GREENBLATT, S. H. (1973) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/96.2.307 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Abstract visual-form representations in the left cerebral hemisphere.
Marsolek, C. J. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.21.2.375 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Visualizing the neural bases of a disconnection syndrome with diffusion tensor imaging
Molko, N., Cohen, L., Mangin, J. F., Chochon, F., Lehéricy, S., Bihan, D. L., & Dehaene, S. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290260045864 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Number processing in pure alexia: The effect of hemispheric asymmetries and task demands
Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (1995) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554799508402356 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationDifferent Neural Circuits Subserve Reading before and after Therapy for Acquired Dyslexia
Small, S. L., Flores, D., & Noll, D. C. (1998) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.1998.1951 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Cerebral networks for number processing: Evidence from a case of posterior callosal lesion
Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (1996) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554799608402394 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationViewpoint-invariant and viewpoint-dependent object recognition in dissociable neural subsystems
Burgund, E. D., & Marsolek, C. J. (2000) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03214360 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
VARIETIES OF PURE ALEXIA: THE CASE OF FAILURE TO ACCESS GRAPHEMIC REPRESENTATIONS
Miozzo, M., & Caramazza, A. (1998) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/026432998381267 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
A framework for interpreting distinct patterns of hemispatial neglect
Hillis, A. E., & Caramazza, A. (1995) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554799508402364 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Subangular alexia without agraphia or hemianopsia
Greenblatt, S. H. (1976) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(76)90019-5 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
GAZZANIGA, M. S., & SMYLIE, C. S. (1984) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/107.1.145 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
What constrains the organization of the ventral temporal cortex?
Gauthier, L. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01416-3 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Competition between past and present. Assessment and interpretation of verbal perseverations
Cohen, L. (1998) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/121.9.1641 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationPATTERSON, K., Vargha‐Khadem, F., & Polkey, C. E. (1989) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/112.1.39 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Coslett, H. B., Saffran, E. M., Greenbaum, S., et al. (1993) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/116.1.21 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Reading with the Right-Hemisphere: Evidence from Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Coslett, H. B., & Monsul, N. (1994) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.1994.1012 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Perception and awareness in phonological processing: the case of the phoneme
Morais, J., & Kolinsky, R. (1994) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90032-9 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Burgund, E. D., & Marsolek, C. J. (1997) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1006/brcg.1997.0940 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Word Length and Orthographic Neighborhood Size Effects in the Left and Right Cerebral Hemispheres
Michal Lavidor, B., & Ellis, A. W. (2002) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.2001.2583 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Evaluating a split processing model of visual word recognition: effects of word length
Michal Lavidor, B., Ellis, A. W., Shillcock, R. C., & Bland, T. (2001) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(01)00056-8 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Traces of Print Along the Visual Pathway
Nazir, T. A. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008043642-5/50003-6 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The evolution of pure alexia: A longitudinal study of recovery*1
Behrmann, M. (1990) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(90)90148-a · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Dissociation of letter and picture naming resulting from callosal disconnection
Suzuki, K., Yamadori, A., Endo, K., Fujii, T., Ezura, M., & Takahashi, A. (1998) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.51.5.1390 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Pure alexia: clinical-pathologic evidence for a lateralized visual language association cortex.
Beversdorf, D. Q., Nr, R., Ch, R., & Reeves, A. G. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The temporal dynamics of reading: a PET study
Price, C. J., & Friston, K. J. (1997) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1997.0247 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Functional Anatomy of Reading
(2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012264841-0/50030-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Brain Activation during Word Identification and Word Recognition
Jernigan, T. L., Ostergaard, A. L., Law, I. G., Svarer, C., Gerlach, C., & Paulson, O. B. (1998) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0350 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Neglect dyslexia and the early stages of visual word recognition
Haywood, M. E., & Coltheart, M. (2000) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554790008402755 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Deep Dyslexic Phenomena in a Letter-by-Letter Reader
Buxbaum, L. J., & Coslett, H. B. (1996) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.1996.0063 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Rapid Word Identification in Pure Alexia Is Lexical but Not Semantic
Friedman, R. B., & Lott, S. N. (2000) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.2000.2286 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The visual lexicon: Its access and organization in commissurotomy patients.
Baynes, K., & Eliassen, J. C. (1998) · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Alexia without agraphia or hemianopia in parietal infarction.
Iragui, V. J., & Kritchevsky, M. (1991) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.54.9.841 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Lexical access via letter naming in a profoundly alexic and anomic patient: A treatment study
Greenwald, M. L., & Rothi, L. J. G. (1998) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617798466098 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bartolomeo, P., Bachoud‐Lévi, A., Degos, J., et al. (1998) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.50.1.286 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mycroft, R. H., Hanley, J. R., & Kay, J. (2002) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/s0911-6044(01)00003-3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Right Hemifield Alexia Without Hemianopia
Castro‐Caldas, A., & Salgado, V. S. (1984) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1984.04050130090031 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Pirozzolo, F. J., Kerr, K. L., Obrzut, J. E., Morley, G. K., Haxby, J. V., & Lundgren, S. (1981) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.44.2.152 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus
McCandliss, B. D., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00134-7 · Cited by 1,489 · see citing works
Self-citationSpecialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area
Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.049 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Self-citationReading normal and degraded words: Contribution of the dorsal and ventral visual pathways.
Cohen, L., Dehaene, S., Vinckier, F., Jobert, A., & Montavont, A. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.11.036 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Self-citationTuning of the human left fusiform gyrus to sublexical orthographic structure
Binder, J. R., Medler, D. A., Westbury, C. F., Liebenthal, E., & Buchanan, L. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.06.053 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
The Development of Cortical Sensitivity to Visual Word Forms
Ben-Shachar, M., Dougherty, R. F., Deutsch, G. K., & Wandell, B. A. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2011.21615 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Word and non-word reading: What role for the Visual Word Form Area?
Vigneau, M., Jobard, G., Mazoyer, B., & Tzourio-Mazoyer, N. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.04.038 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Evidence for a dysfunction of left posterior reading areas in German dyslexic readers.
Kronbichler, M., Hutzler, F., Staffen, W., Mair, A., Ladurner, G., & Wimmer, H. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.03.010 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“What” and “Where” in Word Reading: Ventral Coding of Written Words Revealed by Parietal Atrophy
Vinckier, F., Naccache, L., Papeix, C., Forget, J., Hahn-Barma, V., Dehaene, S., & Cohen, L. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.12.1998 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationWoollams, A. M., Silani, G., Okada, K., Patterson, K., & Price, C. J. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21502 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Encoding in the Visual Word Form Area: An fMRI Adaptation Study of Words versus Handwriting
Barton, J. J. S., Fox, C. J., Sekunova, A., & Iaria, G. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21286 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
An investigation of twenty/20 vision in reading
Hellyer, P. J., Woodhead, Z. V. J., Leech, R., & Wise, R. J. S. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2740-11.2011 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cohen, L.
- Affiliations
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Cohen, L.
- ORCID
- Cohen, L.
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-12-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1313-1333
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- OpenAlex
- W2113185660
- Semantic Scholar
- a4b3c1f893bc7e68e740835338163e5f9f69e037
- Cited by
- 400
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 26.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- visual word recognition, pure alexia, visual word form area, hemispheric lateralization, posterior cerebral artery infarction, deafferentation, letter-by-letter reading, reading disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Dyslexia, Acquired, Female, Humans, Language, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Reading, Visual Perception, Infarction, Posterior Cerebral Artery
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
