Two-step epigenetic Mendelian randomization: a strategy for establishing the causal role of epigenetic processes in pathways to disease
Open accessAbstract
The burgeoning interest in the field of epigenetics has precipitated the need to develop approaches to strengthen causal inference when considering the role of epigenetic mediators of environmental exposures on disease risk. Epigenetic markers, like any other molecular biomarker, are vulnerable to confounding and reverse causation. Here, we present a strategy, based on the well-established framework of Mendelian randomization, to interrogate the causal relationships between exposure, DNA methylation and outcome. The two-step approach first uses a genetic proxy for the exposure of interest to assess the causal relationship between exposure and methylation. A second step then utilizes a genetic proxy for DNA methylation to interrogate the causal relationship between DNA methylation and outcome. The rationale, origins, methodology, advantages and limitations of this novel strategy are presented.
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Mendelian randomization can be used to estimate the proportion of the effect of an exposure on an outcome that is mediated by an intermediate phenotype.
“MR can be used to estimate the proportion of the effect of an exposure on an outcome that is mediated by an intermediate phenotype.104,105”
From Mendelian randomization (2022) · cites this paper as [105]
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- Authors
- Relton, C. L., & Davey Smith, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Relton, Caroline L
- ORCID
- Relton, Caroline L
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 161-176
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- PMC
- PMC3304531
- OpenAlex
- W2102309722
- Cited by
- 567
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 9.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- European Commission
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Medical Research Council
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- DNA methylation, causal inference, confounding, reverse causality, genetic proxies, environmental exposure, disease risk
- MeSH terms
- Disease, Environmental Exposure, Genetic Markers, Humans, RNA, Epidemiologic Research Design, DNA Methylation, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Epigenesis, Genetic, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, Gene-Environment Interaction
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