DNA methylation aging clocks: challenges and recommendations
Open accessAbstract
Epigenetic clocks comprise a set of CpG sites whose DNA methylation levels measure subject age. These clocks are acknowledged as a highly accurate molecular correlate of chronological age in humans and other vertebrates. Also, extensive research is aimed at their potential to quantify biological aging rates and test longevity or rejuvenating interventions. Here, we discuss key challenges to understand clock mechanisms and biomarker utility. This requires dissecting the drivers and regulators of age-related changes in single-cell, tissue- and disease-specific models, as well as exploring other epigenomic marks, longitudinal and diverse population studies, and non-human models. We also highlight important ethical issues in forensic age determination and predicting the trajectory of biological aging in an individual.
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Methylation levels in blood cells correlate strongly with cell composition.
“Methylation levels in blood cells have been observed to correlate strongly with cell composition, which may be a result of changes in chromatin state with age148.”
From Measuring biological age using omics data (2022) · cites this paper as [148]
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
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“, 2019) from the functional state of the cells or tissues, while correlating better to aging, disease state(s), and health outcomes (Bell et al., 2019; Durso et al., 2017; Fransquet et al., 2019; Xiao et al., 2021).”
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- Authors
- Bell, C. G., Lowe, R., Adams, P. D., Baccarelli, A. A., Beck, S., Bell, J. T., Christensen, B. C., Gladyshev, V. N., Heijmans, B. T., Horvath, S., Ideker, T., Issa, J.-P. J., Kelsey, K. T., Marioni, R. E., Reik, W., Relton, C. L., Schalkwyk, L. C., Teschendorff, A. E., Wagner, W., Zhang, K., & Rakyan, V. K.
- Affiliations
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- University College London (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Temple University (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer (GB)
- Babraham Institute (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of Essex (GB)
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (CN)
- RWTH Aachen University (DE)
- Macau University of Science and Technology (MO)
- Corresponding author
- Bell, Christopher G.
- Lowe, Robert
- Adams, Peter D.
- Baccarelli, Andrea A.
- Beck, Stephan
- Bell, Jordana T.
- Christensen, Brock C.
- Gladyshev, Vadim N.
- Heijmans, Bastiaan T.
- Horvath, Steve
- Ideker, Trey
- Issa, Jean-Pierre J.
- Kelsey, Karl T.
- Marioni, Riccardo E.
- Reik, Wolf
- Relton, Caroline L.
- Schalkwyk, Leonard C.
- Teschendorff, Andrew E.
- Wagner, Wolfgang
- Zhang, Kang
- Rakyan, Vardhman K.
- ORCID
- Bell, Christopher G.
- Lowe, Robert
- Adams, Peter D.
- Baccarelli, Andrea A.
- Beck, Stephan
- Bell, Jordana T.
- Christensen, Brock C.
- Gladyshev, Vadim N.
- Heijmans, Bastiaan T.
- Horvath, Steve
- Ideker, Trey
- Issa, Jean-Pierre J.
- Kelsey, Karl T.
- Marioni, Riccardo E.
- Reik, Wolf
- Relton, Caroline L.
- Schalkwyk, Leonard C.
- Teschendorff, Andrew E.
- Wagner, Wolfgang
- Zhang, Kang
- Rakyan, Vardhman K.
- Venue
- Genome Biology
- Published
- 2019-11-25
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 249-249
- ISSN
- 1465-6906 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-760X
- PMC
- PMC6876109
- OpenAlex
- W2990428470
- Cited by
- 1,025
- References
- 223
- Citations by year
- 2026: 123 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 200 · 2023: 164 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 153 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 8.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Genome biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG031862-12, U34AG051425-01)
- National Cancer Institute
- Glenn/AFAR
- National Institutes of Health (R01 ES025225, P30 ES009089, R01 ES027747, CA216265, AG021518, AG047745, AG047200, CA080946, CA214005, CA100632, CA221705, CA207360, CA207110, RO1AI121226, RO1MH113930, RO1MDO1430401)
- National Institute for Health Research
- UCLH Biomedical Research Centre (BRC369/CN/SB/101310)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/N000404/1, ESN000498/1)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/S020845/1, BB/K010867/1, BB/PO28187, BB/R00675X/1)
- Nederlandse Hartstichting (2017T075)
- Joint Programming Initiative A healthy diet for a healthy life (ZonMw 529051021)
- BBMRI-NL (NWO 184.021.007, NWO 184.033.111)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES014811)
- AACR (PR0125)
- Alzheimer’s Research UK (PG2017B-10)
- Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12013/5, MR/K013807/1, MR/R005176/1)
- Cancer Research UK (C18281/A19169)
- National Science Foundation of China (31571359, 31771464)
- Royal Society Newton Advanced Fellowship (164914)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (WA 1706/8-1)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (VIP + Epi-Blood-Count)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University (O3-3)
- Deutsche Krebshilfe (TRACK-AML)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Keywords
- DNA methylation, epigenetic clocks, biological aging, chronological age estimation, CpG sites, longevity interventions, rejuvenation, biomarkers, forensic age estimation, biological age prediction, single-cell epigenomics
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Biological Clocks, Humans, Genome, Human, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Genome-Wide Association Study
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