The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
"Cognitive Dysmetria" as an Integrative Theory of Schizophrenia: A Dysfunction in Cortical-Subcortical-Cerebellar Circuitry?
Abstract
Earlier efforts to localize the symptoms of schizophrenia in a single brain region have been replaced by models that postulate a disruption in parallel distributed or dynamic circuits. Based on empirical data derived from both magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography, we have developed a model that implicates connectivity among nodes located in prefrontal regions, the thalamic nuclei, and the cerebellum. A disruption in this circuitry produces "cognitive dysmetria," difficulty in prioritizing, processing, coordinating, and responding to information. This "poor mental coordination" is a fundamental cognitive deficit in schizophrenia and can account for its broad diversity of symptoms.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Broadbent, D. E. (1958) · doi:10.1037/10037-000 · Cited by 4,337
McClelland, J. L., Rumelhart, D. E., & AU (1987) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/5237.001.0001 · Cited by 3,315
Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, language, and memory
Mesulam, M. (1990) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410280502 · Cited by 2,684
The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-0601 · Cited by 1,901
Practice-related Changes in Human Brain Functional Anatomy during Nonmotor Learning
Raichle, M. E., Fiez, J. A., Videen, T. O., MacLeod, A.-M. K., Pardo, J. V., Fox, P. T., & Petersen, S. E. (1994) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/4.1.8 · Cited by 1,593
Anatomical evidence for cerebellar and basal ganglia involvement in higher cognitive function
Middleton, F. A., & Strick, P. L. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7939688 · Cited by 1,356
A functional neuroanatomy of hallucinations in schizophrenia
Silbersweig, D. A., Stern, E., Frith, C., Cahill, C., Holmes, A., Grootoonk, S., Seaward, J., McKenna, P., Chua, S. E., Schnorr, L., et al. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/378176a0 · Cited by 906 · cited 2×
“The thalamus was one of the regions observed by Silbersweig et al. (1995) to be abnormally activated when patients suffering from schizophrenia experienced auditory hallucinations.”
BackgroundDissociation of the lateral and medial cerebellum in movement timing and movement execution
Ivry, R. B., Keele, S. W., & Diener, H. C. (1988) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00279670 · Cited by 678
Andreasen, N. C., O'Leary, D. S., Cizadlo, T., Arndt, S., Rezai, K., Ponto, L. L., Watkins, G. L., & Hichwa, R. D. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.18.9985 · Cited by 625
Self-citationRemembering the past: two facets of episodic memory explored with positron emission tomography
(1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.11.1576 · Cited by 593
Self-citation
Cited by
Exploring the brain network: A review on resting-state fMRI functional connectivity
van den Heuvel, M. P., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2010) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008 · Cited by 3,326
Neurobiology of emotion perception II: implications for major psychiatric disorders
Phillips, M. L., Drevets, W. C., Rauch, S. L., & Lane, R. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00171-9 · Cited by 1,736
The neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment
Teicher, M. H., Andersen, S. L., Polcari, A., Anderson, C. M., Navalta, C. P., & Kim, D. M. (2003) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00007-1 · Cited by 1,465
Identification of separable cognitive factors in schizophrenia
Nuechterlein, K. H., Barch, D. M., Gold, J. M., Goldberg, T. E., Green, M. F., & Heaton, R. K. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.09.007 · Cited by 1,304
The cerebellum and cognitive function: 25 years of insight from anatomy and neuroimaging
Buckner, R. L. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.044 · Cited by 1,173
The primate cortico-cerebellar system: anatomy and function
Ramnani, N. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1953 · Cited by 1,011
Executive functions and their disorders
Elliott, R. (2003) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/65.1.49 · Cited by 792
Schizophrenia, neuroimaging and connectomics
Fornito, A., Zalesky, A., Pantelis, C., & Bullmore, E. T. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.090 · Cited by 716
The neuropsychiatry of the cerebellum — insights from the clinic
Schmahmann, J. D., Weilburg, J. B., & Sherman, J. C. (2007) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1080/14734220701490995 · Cited by 718
Stress-reactivity in psychosis: Evidence for an affective pathway to psychosis
Myin-Germeys, I., & van Os, J. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.005 · Cited by 719
Consensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism
Fatemi, S. H., Aldinger, K. A., Ashwood, P., Bauman, M. L., Blaha, C. D., Blatt, G. J., Chauhan, A., Chauhan, V., Dager, S. R., Dickson, P. E., et al. (2012) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-012-0355-9 · Cited by 723
The cerebellum: adaptive prediction for movement and cognition
Sokolov, A. A., Miall, R. C., & Ivry, R. B. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.02.005 · Cited by 691
The role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia
Andreasen, N. C., & Pierson, R. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.01.003 · Cited by 669
Self-citationDevelopmental neurobiology of childhood stress and trauma
Teicher, M. H., Andersen, S. L., Polcari, A., Anderson, C. M., & Navalta, C. P. (2002) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(01)00003-x · Cited by 607
Calhoun, V. D., Kiehl, K. A., & Pearlson, G. D. (2008) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20581 · Cited by 567
Defining the phenotype of schizophrenia: cognitive dysmetria and its neural mechanisms
Andreasen, N. C., Nopoulos, P., O’Leary, D. S., Miller, D. D., Wassink, T., & Flaum, M. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00152-3 · Cited by 560
Self-citationWamsley, E. J., Tucker, M. A., Shinn, A. K., Ono, K. E., McKinley, S. K., Ely, A. V., Goff, D. C., Stickgold, R., & Manoach, D. S. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.08.008 · Cited by 492
Disrupted axonal fiber connectivity in schizophrenia
Zalesky, A., Fornito, A., Seal, M. L., Cocchi, L., Westin, C.-F., Bullmore, E. T., Egan, G. F., & Pantelis, C. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.022 · Cited by 439
D'Angelo, E., & Casali, S. (2013) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2012.00116 · Cited by 407
McDonald, C., Bullmore, E. T., Sham, P. C., Chitnis, X., Wickham, H., Bramon, E., & Murray, R. M. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.10.974 · Cited by 379
Social threat perception and the evolution of paranoia
Green, M. J., & Phillips, M. L. (2004) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.03.006 · Cited by 369
Cerebellar-Prefrontal Network Connectivity and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Brady, R. O., Gonsalvez, I., Lee, I., Öngür, D., Seidman, L. J., Schmahmann, J. D., Eack, S. M., Keshavan, M. S., Pascual-Leone, A., & Halko, M. A. (2019) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18040429 · Cited by 372
Pathophysiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder
Aouizerate, B., Guehl, D., Cuny, E., Rougier, A., Bioulac, B., Tignol, J., & Burbaud, P. (2004) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.02.004 · Cited by 341
The cerebellum and emotional experience
Turner, B. M., Paradiso, S., Marvel, C. L., Pierson, R., Boles Ponto, L. L., Hichwa, R. D., & Robinson, R. G. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.09.023 · Cited by 310
Self-citationNakao, T., Nakagawa, A., Yoshiura, T., Nakatani, E., Nabeyama, M., Yoshizato, C., Kudoh, A., Tada, K., Yoshioka, K., Kawamoto, M., et al. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.039 · Cited by 307
Mapping thalamocortical functional connectivity in chronic and early stages of psychotic disorders
Woodward, N. D., & Heckers, S. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.06.026 · Cited by 264
Fornito, A., Yucel, M., Dean, B., Wood, S. J., & Pantelis, C. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn025 · Cited by 259
Kim, J.-J., Lee, M. C., Kim, J., Kim, I. Y., Kim, S. I., Han, M. H., Chang, K.-H., & Kwon, J. S. (2001) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.179.4.330 · Cited by 217
Fassbender, C., & Schweitzer, J. B. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.003 · Cited by 214
Cao, H., Chén, O. Y., Chung, Y., Forsyth, J. K., McEwen, S. C., Gee, D. G., Bearden, C. E., Addington, J., Goodyear, B., Cadenhead, K. S., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06350-7 · Cited by 211
Neural correlates of clinical symptoms and cognitive dysfunctions in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Kwon, J. S., Kim, J.-J., Lee, D. W., Lee, J. S., Lee, D. S., Kim, M.-S., Lyoo, I. K., Cho, M. J., & Lee, M. C. (2003) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(02)00104-x · Cited by 205
Demirtas-Tatlidede, A., Freitas, C., Cromer, J. R., Safar, L., Ongur, D., Stone, W. S., Seidman, L. J., Schmahmann, J. D., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.08.015 · Cited by 185
Low-frequency BOLD fluctuations demonstrate altered thalamocortical connectivity in schizophrenia
Welsh, R. C., Chen, A. C., & Taylor, S. F. (2010) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn145 · Cited by 181
Seok, J.-H., Park, H.-J., Chun, J.-W., Lee, S.-K., Cho, H. S., Kwon, J. S., & Kim, J.-J. (2007) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.02.002 · Cited by 168
Long-range synchrony of gamma oscillations and auditory hallucination symptoms in schizophrenia
Mulert, C., Kirsch, V., Pascual-Marqui, R., McCarley, R. W., & Spencer, K. M. (2011) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.08.004 · Cited by 165
Cortical Cholinergic Transmission and Cortical Information Processing in Schizophrenia
Sarter, M. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbi006 · Cited by 153
Huang, X.-Q., Lui, S., Deng, W., Chan, R. C. K., Wu, Q.-Z., Jiang, L.-J., Zhang, J.-R., Jia, Z.-Y., Li, X.-L., Li, F., et al. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.072 · Cited by 150
Ouhaz, Z., Fleming, H., & Mitchell, A. S. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00033 · Cited by 142
Increased Resting-State Gamma-Band Connectivity in First-Episode Schizophrenia
Andreou, C., Nolte, G., Leicht, G., Polomac, N., Hanganu-Opatz, I. L., Lambert, M., Engel, A. K., & Mulert, C. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu121 · Cited by 129
Mittleman, G., Goldowitz, D., Heck, D. H., & Blaha, C. D. (2008) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20525 · Cited by 111
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and schizophrenia
Di Carlo, P., Punzi, G., & Ursini, G. (2019) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0000000000000237 · Cited by 110
Adriano, F., Spoletini, I., Caltagirone, C., & Spalletta, G. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.07.007 · Cited by 110
Bernard, J. A., & Mittal, V. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00160 · Cited by 100
Solomon, M., Olsen, E., Niendam, T., Ragland, J. D., Yoon, J., Minzenberg, M., & Carter, C. S. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.03.005 · Cited by 99
Network-targeted cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation improves attentional control
Esterman, M., Thai, M., Okabe, H., DeGutis, J., Saad, E., Laganiere, S. E., & Halko, M. A. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.011 · Cited by 71
Basavaraju, R., Ithal, D., Thanki, M. V., Ramalingaiah, A. H., Thirthalli, J., Reddy, R. P., Brady, R. O., Halko, M. A., Bolo, N. R., Keshavan, M. S., et al. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2021.10.005 · Cited by 70
Spoletini, I., Cherubini, A., Di Paola, M., Banfi, G., Rüsch, N., Martinotti, G., Bria, P., Rubino, I. A., Siracusano, A., Caltagirone, C., et al. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.11.011 · Cited by 62
The neuroanatomy of schizophrenia: circuitry and neurotransmitter systems
Fallon, J. H., Opole, I. O., & Potkin, S. G. (2003) · Clinical Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/s1566-2772(03)00022-7 · Cited by 53
Chaves, C., Marque, C. R., Maia-de-Oliveira, J. P., Wichert-Ana, L., Ferrari, T. B., Santos, A. C., Araújo, D., Machado-de-Sousa, J. P., Bressan, R. A., Elkis, H., et al. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.031 · Cited by 41
Effectiveness of Cerebellar Circuitry Modulation in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review
Escelsior, A., Belvederi Murri, M., Calcagno, P., Cervetti, A., Caruso, R., Croce, E., Grassi, L., & Amore, M. (2019) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001064 · Cited by 32
A neural mechanism underlying predictive visual motion processing in patients with schizophrenia
Scheliga, S., Schwank, R., Scholle, R., Habel, U., & Kellermann, T. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114934 · Cited by 8
Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Venero, C. (2015) · Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417042-1.00010-3 · Cited by 4
Berndt, L. C. S., Singh, K. D., & Shaw, A. D. (2026) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaf149 · Cited by 3
Trapp, N. T., Muller Ewald, V. A., Pace, B. D., Wendt, L., Garrett, L., Penaluna, B., Miller, J., Purgianto, A., van der Plas, E., Magnotta, V. A., et al. (2025) · Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.transm.2024.100082 · Cited by 3
Mathalon, D. H., Sullivan, E. V., Lim, K. O., & Pfefferbaum, A. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.2.148
Metadata
- Authors
- Andreasen, N. C., Paradiso, S., & O'Leary, D. S.
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1998-01-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 203-218
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- OpenAlex
- W2126159475
- Cited by
- 1,174
- References
- 11
- FWCI
- 20.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
