Maximizing sensitivity of the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) to sleep loss
Open accessAbstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: The psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) is among the most widely used measures of behavioral alertness, but there is large variation among published studies in PVT performance outcomes and test durations. To promote standardization of the PVT and increase its sensitivity and specificity to sleep loss, we determined PVT metrics and task durations that optimally discriminated sleep deprived subjects from alert subjects. DESIGN: Repeated-measures experiments involving 10-min PVT assessments every 2 h across both acute total sleep deprivation (TSD) and 5 days of chronic partial sleep deprivation (PSD). SETTING: Controlled laboratory environment. PARTICIPANTS: 74 healthy subjects (34 female), aged 22-45 years. INTERVENTIONS: TSD experiment involving 33 h awake (N = 31 subjects) and a PSD experiment involving 5 nights of 4 h time in bed (N = 43 subjects). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: In a paired t-test paradigm and for both TSD and PSD, effect sizes of 10 different PVT performance outcomes were calculated. Effect sizes were high for both TSD (1.59-1.94) and PSD (0.88-1.21) for PVT metrics related to lapses and to measures of psychomotor speed, i.e., mean 1/RT (response time) and mean slowest 10% 1/RT. In contrast, PVT mean and median RT outcomes scored low to moderate effect sizes influenced by extreme values. Analyses facilitating only portions of the full 10-min PVT indicated that for some outcomes, high effect sizes could be achieved with PVT durations considerably shorter than 10 min, although metrics involving lapses seemed to profit from longer test durations in TSD. CONCLUSIONS: Due to their superior conceptual and statistical properties and high sensitivity to sleep deprivation, metrics involving response speed and lapses should be considered primary outcomes for the 10-min PVT. In contrast, PVT mean and median metrics, which are among the most widely used outcomes, should be avoided as primary measures of alertness. Our analyses also suggest that some shorter-duration PVT versions may be sensitive to sleep loss, depending on the outcome variable selected, although this will need to be confirmed in comparative analyses of separate duration versions of the PVT. Using both sensitive PVT metrics and optimal test durations maximizes the sensitivity of the PVT to sleep loss and therefore potentially decreases the sample size needed to detect the same neurobehavioral deficit. We propose criteria to better standardize the 10-min PVT and facilitate between-study comparisons and meta-analyses.
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When various cognitive domains were analyzed separately, shorter sleep duration was only modestly associated with poorer executive function, and not at all with sustained attention.
“When various cognitive domains were analyzed separately, shorter sleep duration was only modestly associated with poorer executive function, and not at all with sustained attention -a cognitive domain highly sensitive to partial sleep deprivation in adults.30,31”
From Cognitive Performance, Sleepiness, and Mood in Partially Sleep Deprived Adolescents: The Need for Sleep Study (2016) · cites this paper as [30]
A decrease in sustained attention has been one of the most reliable effects of sleep deprivation.
“In sleep deprivation research, a decrease in sustained attention has been one of the most reliable effects26.”
From Effects of total sleep deprivation on performance in a manual spacecraft docking task (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
Vigilant attention performance and psychomotor speed, as assessed with the PVT, are affected early and progressively more severely by sleep deprivation.
“Vigilant attention performance and psychomotor speed, as assessed with the PVT, are affected early and progressively more severely by sleep deprivation.86,166”
From Circadian rhythms, sleep deprivation, and human performance (2013) · cites this paper as [86]
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“mance and psychomotor speed, as assessed with the PVT, are affected early and progressively more severely by sleep deprivation.(86,166) Although”
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- Authors
- Basner, M., & Dinges, D. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Basner, Mathias
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 581-591
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC3079937
- OpenAlex
- W143922047
- Cited by
- 958
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 71 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 37.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Purdue University
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Nursing Research (R01NR004281)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024134)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Keywords
- psychomotor vigilance test, sleep deprivation, total sleep deprivation, sleep restriction, reaction time (psychology), effect size, test standardization, sleepiness detection, sample size reduction, psychomotor speed, neurobehavioral deficits
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sleep Deprivation, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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