Gut microbiota–brain axis in depression: the role of neuroinflammation
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric condition that affects a large number of people in the world, and the treatment existents do not work for all individuals affected. Thus, it is believed that other systems or pathways which regulate brain networks involved in mood regulation and cognition are associated with MDD pathogenesis. Studies in humans and animal models have been shown that in MDD there are increased levels of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and chemokines in both periphery and central nervous system (CNS). In addition, microglial activation appears to be a key event that triggers changes in signaling cascades and gene expression that would be determinant for the onset of depressive symptoms. Recent researches also point out that changes in the gut microbiota would lead to a systemic inflammation that in different ways would reach the CNS modulating inflammatory pathways and especially the microglia, which could influence responses to treatments. Moreover, pre- and probiotics have shown antidepressant responses and anti-inflammatory effects. This review will focus on studies that show the relationship of inflammation with the gut microbiota-brain axis and its relation with MDD.
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“Estradiol, for instance, has been convincingly shown to reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines (77).”
Background
- Authors
- Carlessi, A. S., Borba, L. A., Zugno, A. I., Quevedo, J., & Réus, G. Z.
- Affiliations
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (BR)
- The University of Texas System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Réus, Gislaine Z.
- Venue
- European Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-12-18
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 222-235
- ISSN
- 0953-816X (ISSN-L)
- 1460-9568
- OpenAlex
- W2990446361
- Cited by
- 243
- References
- 152
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 15
- FWCI
- 1.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- John S. Dunn Foundation
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Estado de Santa Catarina
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- gut-brain axis, major depressive disorder, neuroinflammation, microglial activation, systemic inflammation, cytokines, chemokines, prebiotics, probiotics, antidepressant response, depression pathogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Brain, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Probiotics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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