Neuropeptides and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis
Open accessAbstract
Neuropeptides are important mediators both within the nervous system and between neurons and other cell types. Neuropeptides such as substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin and corticotropin-releasing factor are also likely to play a role in the bidirectional gut-brain communication. In this capacity they may influence the activity of the gastrointestinal microbiota and its interaction with the gut-brain axis. Current efforts in elucidating the implication of neuropeptides in the microbiota-gut-brain axis address four information carriers from the gut to the brain (vagal and spinal afferent neurons; immune mediators such as cytokines; gut hormones; gut microbiota-derived signalling molecules) and four information carriers from the central nervous system to the gut (sympathetic efferent neurons; parasympathetic efferent neurons; neuroendocrine factors involving the adrenal medulla; neuroendocrine factors involving the adrenal cortex). Apart from operating as neurotransmitters, many biologically active peptides also function as gut hormones. Given that neuropeptides and gut hormones target the same cell membrane receptors (typically G protein-coupled receptors), the two messenger roles often converge in the same or similar biological implications. This is exemplified by NPY and peptide YY (PYY), two members of the PP-fold peptide family. While PYY is almost exclusively expressed by enteroendocrine cells, NPY is found at all levels of the gut-brain and brain-gut axis. The function of PYY-releasing enteroendocrine cells is directly influenced by short chain fatty acids generated by the intestinal microbiota from indigestible fibre, while NPY may control the impact of the gut microbiota on inflammatory processes, pain, brain function and behaviour. Although the impact of neuropeptides on the interaction between the gut microbiota and brain awaits to be analysed, biologically active peptides are likely to emerge as neural and endocrine messengers in orchestrating the microbiota-gut-brain axis in health and disease.
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The gastrointestinal tract responds to stress in an endocrine manner by releasing hormones such as GABA, neuropeptide Y and dopamine.
“Additionally, gastrointestinal tract responds to stress in an endocrine manner by releasing hormones such as Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), neuropeptide Y and dopamine that have been purported to be involved in the gastrointestinal disturbances, anxiety, depression, reduced food intake and less stress coping.”
From Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes (2016) · cites this paper as [37]
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Plasma Hormones Facilitated the Hypermotility of the Colon in a Chronic Stress Rat Model
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Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [112]Painsipp E Köfer MJ Farzi A Dischinger US Sinner F Sperk G Herzog H Holzer P Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY protect from weight loss caused by Bacille Calmette-Guérin in mice Br J Pharmacol 2013 in press PMC3949650 23992467
- [132]Field BC Chaudhri OB Bloom SR Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity Nat Rev Endocrinol 2010 6 8 444 453 20585346
- [137]Chee MJ Colmers WF Y eat? Nutrition 2008 24 9 869 877 18662858
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- Authors
- Holzer, P., & Farzi, A.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Holzer, Peter
- Venue
- Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
- Publisher
- Springer New York
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 817
- Pages
- 195-219
- ISSN
- 0065-2598 (ISSN-L)
- 2214-8019
- PMC
- PMC4359909
- OpenAlex
- W1925671842
- Cited by
- 451
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 32.11
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Advances in experimental medicine and biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- neuropeptides, microbiota-gut-brain axis, gut-brain signaling, gastrointestinal hormones, neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, enteroendocrine cells, short-chain fatty acids, G protein-coupled receptors, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, somatostatin, corticotropin-releasing factor, vagal afferent neurons, neuroendocrine regulation, gut microbiota, inflammation, pain, behavior
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Brain, Humans, Neuropeptides, Signal Transduction, Gastrointestinal Tract, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Microbiota
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