Neurobiology of Resilience: Interface Between Mind and Body
Open accessAbstract
Stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, exact enormous socioeconomic and individual consequences. Resilience, the process of adaptation in the face of adversity, is an important concept that is enabling the field to understand individual differences in stress responses, with the hope of harnessing this information for the development of novel therapeutics that mimic the body's natural resilience mechanisms. This review provides an update on the current state of research of the neurobiological mechanisms of stress resilience. We focus on physiological and transcriptional adaptations of specific brain circuits, the role of cellular and humoral factors of the immune system, the gut microbiota, and changes at the interface between the brain and the periphery, the blood-brain barrier. We propose viewing resilience as a process that requires the integration of multiple central and peripheral systems and that elucidating the underlying neurobiological mechanisms will ultimately lead to novel therapeutic options.
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Findings in mood disorders reveal alterations at the levels of intracellular signaling, gene expression, neurotrophic factors, neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, and synaptic number and function in several brain regions implicated in depression.
“These findings reveal alterations at the levels of intracellular signaling, gene expression, neurotrophic factors, neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, and synaptic number and function, and have been described in several brain regions implicated in depression 13-22 .”
From Neuroplasticity in cognitive and psychological mechanisms of depression: an integrative model (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
The sections on transcriptional mechanisms, hippocampal neurogenesis, nucleus accumbens inputs, and neuro-immune interactions (pages unavailable) describe changes in gene regulation, neurogenesis, excitatory signaling, synapses, and inflammation across depression-related brain regions. Much of this evidence concerns stress susceptibility and resilience in rodents rather than findings in people with mood disorders; the retrieved passages also do not establish altered inhibitory neurotransmission as the claim states. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSocial defeat stress increases BDNF in the VTA-NAc pathway, leading to enhanced function that is thought to contribute to disruption of reward and motivation behaviors in depression.
“For example, studies demonstrate that social defeat stress increases BDNF in the VTA-NAc pathway, leading to enhanced function that is thought to contribute to disruption of reward and motivation behaviors in depression 20,21 .”
From Neuroplasticity in cognitive and psychological mechanisms of depression: an integrative model (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
The section on VTA dopamine neurons reports increased firing in VTA-to-NAc projections in stress-susceptible mice and identifies this pathway as a reward circuit. It does not say that social defeat increases BDNF in that pathway or that BDNF causes the increased activity and disrupted reward or motivation. BDNF appears in a cited study’s title in the References, not in the paper’s account of this mechanism; the supplied passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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“It is known that RSDS increases the excitatory Ih current in VTA DA neurons of susceptible mice, and induces even greater increases in Ih in these neurons of resilient mice (51) (53) (54).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRole of Monocyte-Derived MicroRNA106b∼25 in Resilience to Social Stress
Pfau, M. L., Menard, C., Cathomas, F., Desland, F., Kana, V., Chan, K. L., Shimo, Y., LeClair, K., Flanigan, M. E., Aleyasin, H., et al. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.02.023 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationIntegrative Analysis of Sex-Specific microRNA Networks Following Stress in Mouse Nucleus Accumbens
Pfau, M. L., Purushothaman, I., Feng, J., Golden, S. A., Aleyasin, H., Lorsch, Z. S., Cates, H. M., Flanigan, M. E., Ménard, C., Heshmati, M., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2016.00144 · Cited by 35 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Recent transcriptional studies have shown that stress leads to brain region specific changes in miRNA expression (93) (94).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGenome Engineering with TALE and CRISPR Systems in Neuroscience
Lee, H. B., Sundberg, B. N., Sigafoos, A. N., & Clark, K. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2016.00047 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Lorsch, Z. S., Hamilton, P. J., Ramakrishnan, A., Parise, E. M., Wright, W. J., Salery, M., Lepack, A. E., Mews, P., Issler, O., McKenzie, A. T., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/403733 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Neuroplasticity in cognitive and psychological mechanisms of depression: an integrative model
Price, R. B., & Duman, R. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0615-x · Cited by 721 · see citing works
López-Otín, C., & Kroemer, G. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.034 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Gut microbiota and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sanada, K., Nakajima, S., Kurokawa, S., Barceló-Soler, A., Ikuse, D., Hirata, A., Yoshizawa, A., Tomizawa, Y., Salas-Valero, M., Noda, Y., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.102 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Gut microbiota–brain axis in depression: the role of neuroinflammation
Carlessi, A. S., Borba, L. A., Zugno, A. I., Quevedo, J., & Réus, G. Z. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14631 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Treasure, J. L., Willmott, D., Ambwani, S., Cardi, V., Bryan, D. C., Rowlands, K., & Schmidt, U. H. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9030630 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“This broad stress response reduces resilience [119] and may be accompanied by reduced mesolimbic dopamine function, anhedonia, and lack of motivation [120].”
BackgroundCirculating myeloid-derived MMP8 in stress susceptibility and depression
Cathomas, F., Lin, H.-Y., Chan, K. L., Li, L., Parise, L. F., Alvarez, J., Durand-de Cuttoli, R., Aubry, A. V., Muhareb, S., Desland, F., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-07015-2 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“Psychosocial stress can affect this bidirectional communication profoundly, and disrupted neuroimmune interactions are increasingly recognized as important factors in the pathogenesis of stress disorders 8 .”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Role of the Locus Coeruleus in Pain and Associated Stress-Related Disorders
Suárez‐Pereira, I., Llorca-Torralba, M., Bravo, L., Camarena-Delgado, C., Soriano‐Mas, C., & Berrocoso, E. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.11.023 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“It is intriguing that LC activation has been reported in animals with chronic pain that show an anxiodepressive phenotype (98,122), as in chronic stress (126–129), while in other animals this is a sign of resilience (119,130,131).”
BackgroundRoles of Oxytocin in Stress Responses, Allostasis and Resilience
Takayanagi, Y., & Onaka, T. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23010150 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“Early life stress such as stress from maternal separation and reduced bedding material has also been used in animal models of adversity experienced during childhood and adolescence in humans [163].”
BackgroundBehavioral and Neurobiological Convergence of Odor, Mood and Emotion: A Review
Kontaris, I., East, B. S., & Wilson, D. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00035 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“More recently, in an fMRI study, participants were exposed to a fragrance or body odors concealed by the same fragrance and were asked to choose between deontological or utilitarian actions in different types of real and fake dilemmas (Cecchetto et al., 2019).”
BackgroundA non-hallucinogenic LSD analog with therapeutic potential for mood disorders
Lewis, V., Bonniwell, E. M., Lanham, J. K., Ghaffari, A., Sheshbaradaran, H., Cao, A. B., Calkins, M. M., Bautista-Carro, M. A., Arsenault, E., Telfer, A., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112203 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“75,76 These alterations can be reversed by antidepressant treatments such as ketamine and serotonergic hallucinogens, including LSD. 77,78 To investigate whether 2-Br-LSD can reverse the dysregulated behavioral effect of chronic stress, female mice were subjected to a chronic variable stress (CVS)…”
BackgroundNeurobiological basis of stress resilience
Nestler, E. J., & Russo, S. J. (2024) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2024.05.001 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, S., Ishima, T., Qu, Y., Shan, J., Chang, L., Wei, Y., Zhang, J., Pu, Y., Fujita, Y., Tan, Y., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.006 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Veličković, K., Hallberg, I. R., Axelsson, U., Borrebaeck, C. A. K., Rydén, L., Johnsson, P., & Månsson, J. (2020) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-020-01383-3 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Many factors contribute to resilience, including personal factors, such as as spirituality, optimism, positive emotions, cognitive flexibility, active coping, and acceptance [9], as well as biological [10] and environmental factors (e.”
BackgroundAn affective neuroscience model of boosting resilience in adults
Tabibnia, G. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.005 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The geroscience agenda: Toxic stress, hormetic stress, and the rate of aging
Epel, E. (2020) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2020.101167 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Wang, S., Qu, Y., Chang, L., Pu, Y., Zhang, K., & Hashimoto, K. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.064 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Monocyte mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammaging, and inflammatory pyroptosis in major depression
Simon, M. S., Schiweck, C., Arteaga-Henríquez, G., Poletti, S., Haarman, B. C. M., Dik, W. A., Schwarz, M., Vrieze, E., Mikova, O., Joergens, S., et al. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110391 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Dysregulation of brain dopamine systems in major depressive disorder
Delva, N. C., & Stanwood, G. D. (2021) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1535370221991830 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Recent studies of the neurobiology of resiliency indicate that the function of the mesolimbic DA system contributes to adaptive behavioral responses to stress.(86)”
BackgroundResilience, preparedness, and distress among family caregivers of patients with advanced cancer
Dionne-Odom, J. N., Azuero, A., Taylor, R. A., Wells, R. D., Hendricks, B. A., Bechthold, A. C., Reed, R. D., Harrell, E. R., Dosse, C. K., Engler, S., et al. (2021) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-021-06265-y · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“For example, resilience has been variously described as a relatively invariable set of innate personality characteristics; as a group of adaptive emotional, cognitive, and social coping resources; as the presence of a relatively positive physical or psychosocial outcome after a particular adversity; as the neurobiolog…”
BackgroundThe impact of chronic stress on energy metabolism
van der Kooij, M. A. (2020) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103525 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Warren, B. L., Mazei‐Robison, M. S., Robison, A. J., & Iñiguez, S. D. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.004 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Sarno, E., Moeser, A. J., & Robison, A. J. (2021) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2021.03.004 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Beyond the neuron: Role of non-neuronal cells in stress disorders
Cathomas, F., Holt, L. M., Parise, E. M., Liu, J., Murrough, J. W., Casaccia, P., Nestler, E. J., & Russo, S. J. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.01.033 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationThe nucleus accumbens in reward and aversion processing: insights and implications
Xu, Y., Lin, Y., Yu, M., & Zhou, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1420028 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“This observation has propelled research into the mechanisms that dictate diverse behavioral profiles in ‘resilient’ versus ‘susceptible’ animals (Cathomas et al., 2019).”
BackgroundEmpana, J. P., Boutouyrie, P., Lemogne, C., Jouven, X., & van Sloten, T. T. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.04.012 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“This has been discussed in recent reviews (18-20).”
Leschik, J., Lutz, B., & Gentile, A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22147339 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“In addition, PET imaging for translocator protein (TSPO), a marker of microglia, has revealed a significantly attenuated microgliosis in the prefrontal cortex of PTSD patients compared to subjects non-exposed to trauma, and more importantly, a negative correlation between TSPO availability and symptome severity, sugge…”
BackgroundInfluentialStress relief as a natural resilience mechanism against depression-like behaviors
Dong, Y., Li, Y., Xiang, X., Xiao, Z.-C., Hu, J., Li, Y., Li, H., & Hu, H. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.004 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“27,28 38 The inherent opponency in the valence between stress and relief raises the intriguing possibility that relief may counteract the detrimental effects of stress, playing a role in stress resilience.”
BackgroundSeifert, G., Jeitler, M., Stange, R., Michalsen, A., Cramer, H., Brinkhaus, B., Esch, T., Kerckhoff, A., Paul, A. E., Teut, M., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.587749 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Zhang, K., Sakamoto, A., Chang, L., Qu, Y., Wang, S., Pu, Y., Tan, Y., Wang, X., Fujita, Y., Ishima, T., et al. (2021) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-019-01092-z · Cited by 63 · see citing works
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A thalamic-primary auditory cortex circuit mediates resilience to stress
Li, H.-Y., Zhu, M.-Z., Yuan, X.-R., Guo, Z.-X., Pan, Y.-D., Li, Y.-Q., & Zhu, X.-H. (2023) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.036 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Friend, S. F., Nachnani, R., Powell, S. B., & Risbrough, V. B. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15031 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“…in the periphery, these cytokines may play a role in the stress-induced disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and/or macrophage trafficking across the BBB to drive CNS inflammation (Cathomas et al., 2019; Deslauriers et al., 2017; McKim et al., 2018; Menard et al., 2017; Wohleb et al., 2011).”
BackgroundTaler, M., Aronovich, R., Hornfeld, S. H., Dar, S., Sasson, E., Weizman, A., & Hochman, E. (2020) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12962 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The microbiome and gut endocannabinoid system in the regulation of stress responses and metabolism
Srivastava, R. K., Lutz, B., & Ruiz de Azua, I. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.867267 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Cathomas, F., Guetter, K., Seifritz, E., Klaus, F., & Kaiser, S. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89335-9 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationThe long noncoding RNA FEDORA is a cell type– and sex-specific regulator of depression
Issler, O., van der Zee, Y. Y., Ramakrishnan, A., Xia, S.-H., Zinsmaier, A. K., Tan, C., Li, W., Browne, C. J., Walker, D. M., Salery, M., et al. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn9494 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationResilience or susceptibility to traumatic stress: Potential influence of the microbiome
Tanelian, A., Nankova, B. B., Miari, M., Nahvi, R. J., & Sabban, E. L. (2022) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100461 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Qu, Y., Zhang, K., Pu, Y., Chang, L., Wang, S., Tan, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Ohnishi, T., Yoshikawa, T., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.095 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Walker, S. C., Cavieres, A., Peñaloza‐Sancho, V., El‐Deredy, W., McGlone, F. P., & Dagnino‐Subiabre, A. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14951 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Brivio, P., Audano, M., Gallo, M. T., Gruca, P., Łasoń, M., Litwa, E., Fumagalli, F., Papp, M., Mitro, N., & Calabrese, F. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01856-7 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“This is witnessed by the evidence that some subjects exposed to stress experience diseases while others elaborate resilience and maintain normal functions [10].”
BackgroundP2X2 receptors in pyramidal neurons are critical for regulating vulnerability to chronic stress
Kuang, X., Zhang, C.-Y., Yan, B.-Y., Cai, W.-Z., Lu, C., Xie, L.-J., Li, S.-J., Kong, P., Fan, J., Pan, S.-M., et al. (2022) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.72144 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cathomas, F., Bevilacqua, L., Ramakrishnan, A., Kronman, H., Costi, S., Schneider, M., Chan, K. L., Li, L., Nestler, E. J., Shen, L., et al. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01712-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“There is increasing evidence suggesting a bi-directional interaction between the peripheral immune system and brain relevant to the etio-pathology of neuropsychiatric disorders [13, 14] Indeed, it is well established that a subset of patients with MDD show chronic low-grade inflammation, e.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSi, L., Xiao, L., Xie, Y., Xu, H., Yuan, G., Xu, W., & Wang, G. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.092 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Improving Sleep to Improve Stress Resilience
Martire, V. L., Berteotti, C., Zoccoli, G., & Bastianini, S. (2024) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-024-00274-z · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Of particular interest is that only some of the molecular and cellular mechanisms identified in resilience are the same as those in stress susceptibility, operating in the opposite direction, while others play unique roles in stress resilience [29].”
Depression and Anxiety in the Epilepsies: from Bench to Bedside
Krishnan, V. (2020) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-020-01065-z · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Resilience, pain, and the brain: Relationships differ by sociodemographics
Tanner, J. J., Johnson, A. J., Terry, E. L., Cardoso, J. S., GARVAN, C. W., Staud, R. M., DEUTSCH, G., Deshpande, H., Lai, S., Addison, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24790 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“(Cathomas et al., 2019; Horn et al., 2016).”
BackgroundHe, H., Zhao, Z., Xiao, C., Li, L., Liu, Y., Fu, J., Liao, H., Zhou, T., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106396 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Individual differences in stress resilience are associated with the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders (Cathomas et al., 2019; Dziedzicka-Wasylewska and Solich, 2021; Smeeth et al., 2021; Tsyglakova et al., 2019).”
Sep, M. S. C., Geuze, E., & Joëls, M. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02660-7 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“The identi fi cation of factors that explain individual variation in learning and memory processes in PTSD is important, as it has been hypothesized that inter-individual differences e.g. in response to traumatic stress play an important role in PTSD psychopathology [40] and resilience [41, 42].”
BackgroundA Comprehensive Overview of Stress, Resilience, and Neuroplasticity Mechanisms
Buenrostro-Jáuregui, M. H., Muñoz-Sánchez, S., Rojas-Hernández, J., Alonso-Orozco, A. I., Vega‐Flores, G., Tapia-de-Jesús, A., & Leal‐Galicia, P. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26073028 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…can foster a sense of control, improving the perception of mastery and promoting Conversely, some studies suggest that moderate stress levels during early developmental stages can foster a sense of control, improving the perception of mastery and promoting resilience [10,11]. resilience [10,11].”
Resilience to the effects of social stress on vulnerability to developing drug addiction
Calpe-López, C., Martínez-Caballero, M. Á., García-Pardo, M. P., & Aguilar, M. A. (2022) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.24 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Exaggerated amygdala response to threat and association with immune hyperactivity in depression
Boukezzi, S. C., Costi, S., Shin, L. M., Kim‐Schulze, S., Cathomas, F., Collins, A. B., Russo, S. J., Morris, L. S., & Murrough, J. W. (2022) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.05.015 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, Y., Meng, P., Cheng, S., Jia, Y., Wen, Y. F., Yang, X., Yao, Y., Pan, C., Li, C., Zhang, H., et al. (2021) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-021-00843-1 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Stress-Related Growth: Building a More Resilient Brain
Ord, A. S., Stranahan, K. R., Hurley, R. A., & Taber, K. H. (2020) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20050111 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…ongoing interactions among a complex array of biological (e.g., genetic, epigenetic), neuropsychological (e.g., cognitive, emotional), and environmental (e.g., social, economic, and cultural) factors that affect how an individual responds to a particular stressful experience (3 – 9 , 26 – 30 ).”
Jacquier, E. F., van de Wouw, M., Nekrasov, E., Contractor, N., Kassis, A. N., & Marcu, D. E. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13050739 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Gut microbiota resilience and adaptation to stress involve complex interactions with the host’s stress response systems, immune system, and gut–organ axes, as well as genetic and environmental factors, enabling the microbiota to maintain or return to homeostasis after disturbances [18].”
BackgroundIncreased random exploration in schizophrenia is associated with inflammation
Cathomas, F., Klaus, F., Guetter, K., Chung, H.-K., Beharelle, A. R., Spiller, T. R., Schlegel, R., Seifritz, E., Hartmann-Riemer, M. N., Tobler, P. N., et al. (2021) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-020-00133-0 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationResilience to stress and social touch
Dagnino‐Subiabre, A. (2021) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.08.011 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
An Astroglial Basis of Major Depressive Disorder: Molecular, Cellular, and Circuit Features
Lu, C., Ren, J., & Cao, X. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.07.017 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Translational models of stress and resilience: An applied neuroscience methodology review
Albayrak, Z. S., Vaz, A., Bordes, J., Ünlü, S., Sep, M. S. C., Vinkers, C. H., Pinto, L., & Eser, H. Y. (2024) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104064 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…diseases may share similar pathways including higher inflammation, capillary dysfunction, decreased cell survival, synapse and neuronal network related alterations, DNA and mitochondria related changes and gut microbiota changes (Cathomas et al., 2019; Wilson et al., 2023; Galts et al., 2019).”
Development of a Scale Battery for Rapid Assessment of Risk and Resilience
Moore, T. M., White, L. K., Barzilay, R., Calkins, M., Jones, J. D., Young, J., Gur, R., & Gur, R. E. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112996 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Further testing and validation of this assessment battery will help move the field of developmental psychology forward, especially in light of growing effort to characterize the biological substrates of risk and resilience (Cathomas et al., 2019).”
BackgroundNeurobiological mechanisms of mood disorders: Stress vulnerability and resilience
Pereira, C. M., Castro, F. C. D. A. Q., Barcelos, R. M., Chiepe, K. C. M. B., Rossoni, J. V., Ambrósio, R. P., Chiarelli-Neto, O., & Pesarico, A. P. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1006836 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Resilience can be viewed as an active process that implies continuous adaptation without external intervention (Russo et al., 2012; Cathomas et al., 2019).”
BackgroundResilience to Stress and Resilience to Pain: Lessons from Molecular Neurobiology and Genetics
Nestler, E. J., & Waxman, S. G. (2020) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2020.03.007 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationSex and region-specific effects of variable stress on microglia morphology
Tsyglakova, M., Huskey, A., Hurst, E. H., Telep, N. M., Wilding, M. C., Babington, M. E., Rainville, J. R., & Hodes, G. E. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100378 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Specifically, there is significant overlap in sex specifically regulated immune associated genes between women and female mice in the NAc, an area of the brain that integrates hedonic experience and emotional processing (Cathomas et al., 2019; Christoffel et al., 2015; Menard et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMarques, D. B., Ruggiero, R. N., Bueno-Júnior, L. S., Rossignoli, M. T., & Leite, J. P. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0128-21.2021 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Strekalova, T. V., Pavlov, D., Трофимов, А. Н., Anthony, D. C., Svistunov, A. A., Proshin, A. T., Umriukhin, A., Lyundup, A. V., Lesch, K., & Cespuglio, R. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23042061 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“These studies found similar increases in corticosterone blood levels, an important indicator of hyperactivity of the HPA axis in depressed patients [104,106] that in the context of the results reported here may be interpreted as a sign of dysregulation of COX-2 expression by glucocorticoids in a susceptible cohort of…”
BackgroundPharmaco-Multiomics: A New Frontier in Precision Psychiatry
Dhieb, D., & Bastaki, K. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26031082 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
He, H., He, H., Mo, L., Yuan, Q., Xiao, C., Ma, Q., Yi, S., Zhou, T., You, Z., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100729 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Individuals differ substantially in their resilience to stress (Cathomas et al., 2019; Dion-Albert et al., 2022; Fleshner et al., 2011), and the same is true of laboratory animals (Dudek et al., 2020; Menard et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2021).”
BackgroundBuffington, C. A. T., & Bain, M. J. (2020) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.03.001 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Escobar, A. P., Bonansco, C., Cruz, G., Dagnino‐Subiabre, A., Fuenzalida, M., Negrón-Oyarzo, I., Sotomayor‐Zárate, R., Martínez-Pinto, J., & Jorquera, G. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241210083 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“In contrast, stress-resilient mice do not show these alterations one day after exposure to social defeat stress [114,122,123].”
BackgroundCalpe-López, C., García-Pardo, M. P., Martínez-Caballero, M. Á., Santos-Ortíz, A., & Aguilar, M. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00278 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“There are recent reviews about the causes of resilience that highlight the importance of neuroplasticity in several brain networks, changes at the blood-brain barrier, genetic factors, and the role of the immune system, the metabolism and the gut microbiota (Cathomas et al., 2019; Feder et al., 2019; Holz et al., 2019…”
BackgroundDhungana, S., Koirala, R., Ojha, S. P., & Thapa, S. B. (2022) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100135 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Ketamine as a prophylactic resilience-enhancing agent
Evers, A. G., Murrough, J. W., Charney, D. S., & Costi, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.833259 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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“…– brain axis including the gut microbiota may contribute to resilience versus susceptibility in rodents after repeated stress (Bailey et al., 2011; Cathomas et al., 2019; Szyszkowicz et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021a, 2021b; Wei et al., 2022a; Wei et al., 2022b; Yang et al.,…”
Stress resilience is established during development and is regulated by complement factors
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Puyvelde, M. V., Staring, L., Schaffers, J., Rivas-Smits, C., Groenendijk, L., Smeyers, L., Collette, L., Schoofs, A., den Bossche, N. V., & McGlone, F. P. (2021) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21949 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
From psychosomatic medicine, brain–computer interface to brain–apparatus communication
Yao, D., Qin, Y. F., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Brain-Apparatus Communication A Journal of Bacomics · doi:10.1080/27706710.2022.2120775 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Tanelian, A., Nankova, B. B., Cheriyan, A., Arens, C., Hu, F., & Sabban, E. L. (2023) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100533 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Liu, Q., Ouyang, L., Fan, L., Liao, A., Li, Z., Chen, X., Liu, Y., & He, Y. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05863-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The possible explanation of this result is that students with higher psychological resilience demonstrated enhanced emotional regulation skills and a reduced likelihood of experiencing heightened negative emotional arousal [42].”
BackgroundPalego, L., Giannaccini, G., & Betti, L. (2020) · Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1871524920999201214231243 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Ballestín, R., Alegre-Zurano, L., Perez, C. F., Cantacorps, L., Miñarro, J., Valverde, O., & Rodríguez‐Arias, M. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110123 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Strekalova, T. V., Svirin, E. P., Вячеславовна, Г. А., Sheveleva, E., Burova, A., Khairetdinova, A. H., Sitdikova, K., Zakharova, E., Dudchenko, A. M., Lyundup, A. V., et al. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13121782 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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Antihypertensive Drug Use and the Risk of Depression: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis
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Neurophysiological dynamics for psychological resilience: A view from the temporal axis
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Resilience to social defeat stress in adolescent male mice
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“Studies suggest that a correct reaction of the body is crucial for an adaptive response to the environment and to avoid stress-related deficits (Cathomas et al., 2019; Dutcher and Creswell, 2018).”
Dopamine error signal to actively cope with lack of expected reward
Ishino, S., Kamada, T., Sarpong, G. A., Kitano, J., Tsukasa, R., Mukohira, H., Sun, F., Li, Y., Kobayashi, K., Naoki, H., et al. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.ade5420 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hicks, E. M., Seah, C., Cote, A. C., Marchese, S., Brennand, K., Nestler, E. J., Girgenti, M. J., & Huckins, L. M. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02412-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“However, mechanisms of brain–immune interactions suggest that peripheral immune gene expression bidirectionally affects brain transcription and may contribute to neuropsychopathology [83, 90, 91].”
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“It is supposed that resilience to stress is a biological and behavioural process that is gradually generated and developed as an individual experiences and responds to stress [15].”
Distinct Neural Processing of Acute Stress in Major Depression and Borderline Personality Disorder
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“Studies involving numerous central and peripheral body systems, such as brain circuitry, gut microbiota, immune system, and blood-brain barrier, have shown that resilience to stress is a multifaceted process that affects humans and mice alike and varies by sex across the lifespan (Cathomas et al., 2019; Hodes and Eppe…”
BackgroundInflammation in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Dysregulation or Recalibration?
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“Relatedly, aspects of the immune-inflammatory response, including cell-mediated immunity, are now implicated not only in stress vulnerability but also in stress resilience through both peripheral and central mechanisms of action [15-17].”
BackgroundBrain–spleen connection aids antibody production
Cathomas, F., & Russo, S. J. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01168-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationCentral and peripheral stress-induced epigenetic mechanisms of resilience
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“Pups exposed to severe stressors have increased probability of being stress susceptible and develop depression-like behaviors in the future, however, if the stressor is less severe, than pups will develop a resilient phenotype later in life [3].”
BackgroundPeripheral biopterin and neopterin in schizophrenia and depression
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“between the peripheral immune system and the brain relevant to the etio-pathology of both schizophrenia and MDD (Cathomas et al., 2019; Müller and Schwarz, 2010).”
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- Authors
- Cathomas, F., Murrough, J. W., Nestler, E. J., Han, M.-H., & Russo, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Corresponding author
- Russo, Scott J.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-09
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 410-420
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6717018
- OpenAlex
- W2936176560
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 5.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (P50 AT008661-01)
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50 MH096890, R01 MH090264, R01 MH104559, R56 MH115409)
- Sunovion
- Novartis
- Sage Therapeutics
- Avanir Pharmaceuticals
- Allergan Foundation
- Janssen Research and Development
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- resilience, stress resilience, stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, individual differences in stress response, brain circuits, immune system, gut microbiota, blood-brain barrier, neuroimmune interactions
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Adaptation, Psychological, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Immune System, Synaptic Transmission, Neurobiology, Psychophysiology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Resilience, Psychological
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