Consumer Trust in an Internet Store: A Cross-Cultural Validation

“Previous research supports this relationship, showing that trust increases purchase intentions both directly (Gefen 2000), as it does in other buyer-seller relationships (Ganesan 1994), and through reduced perceived risk (Jarvenpaa and Tractinsky 1999; Kollock 1999).”

“For instance, trust has always been an important element in influencing consumer behavior and has been shown to be of high significance in uncertain environments, such as the Internet-based e-commerce context [41, 49 , 50, 62].”

“Understanding the nature and antecedents of trust is, therefore, a major issue for both Internet researchers and practitioners (e.g., Fox 2000, Jarvenpaa and Tractinsky 1999, Stewart 1999).”

“Many scholars have argued that trust is a prerequisite for successful commerce because consumers are hesitant to make purchases unless they trust the seller [62,77,82,135].”

“Consumers have shown reluctance to complete simple on-line purchase transactions (Hoffman et al., 1999), primarily due to risk concerns ( Jarvenpaa and Tractinsky, 1999; Pavlou, 2001) and therefore, perceived risk is similarly posited as a prominent barrier to consumer acceptance of e-services.”

“Similarly, in a study of cross cultural online retailing, Jarvenpaa and Tractinsky (1999) found that trust had a negative influence on risk perceptions.”

“Previous research has shown that trusting perceptions directly or indirectly influence e-consumer intentions to purchase (Grazioli and Jarvenpaa, 2000; Jarvenpaa and Tractinsky, 1999).”

“Further, studies have confirmed that perceived risk negatively influences behavioral intention (Jarvenpaa, Tractinsky, & Saarinen, 1999; Ratnasingham and Kumar, 2000).”

“Jarvenpaa et al. (1999) differentiate between the initial development of trust and mature trust.”

“Typical applications requiring a formal trust specification include content selection for web documents [1], medical systems [2], telecommuting [3], mobile code and mobile computing [4-6], as well as electronic commerce [7-14].”

“This will-ingness to rely on a third party is how we define trust in this paper and is consistent with how trust has been previously defined in the literature [27,28,38,39].”

“Jarvenpaa and Tractinsky [34] provided empirical evidence that risk perceptions reduced online shoppers' behavioral intention to purchase books.”

“Some researchers have suggested that online customers generally stay away from electronic vendors whom they do not trust [34,52].”

“…your overall perception of privacy risk involved when using the OSN (very safe – very risky) Trust in OSN provider (based on McKnight et al., 2002a; Jarvenpaa and Tractinsky, 1999) The OSNy TP1 y is open and receptive to the needs of its members TP2 y makes good-faith efforts to address most…”

“Further, favourable attitude is expected to ease online transactions and reduce barriers to the adoption of e-Commerce (Jarvenpaa et al., 1999; Pavlou and Chai, 2002).”

“The use of real photographs, rather than cartoons, was recommended by Karvonen and Parkkinen (2001). Generally, high-quality photographs of products and well-chosen images generate consumer confidence that can be transferred to other aspects of the web site.”

“Such social cues are generally missing in the Internet environment [25], [61], forcing new customers to base their trust primarily on the e-vendor’s reputation and size [34], familiarity with the e-vendor [25], and on their socialized disposition to trust [25].”

“Jarvenpaa & Tractinsky (1999) also indicated that the reputation of an internet shopping mall boosted consumers’ confidence, which in turn positively influenced their attitude towards online service.”

“For instance, differences in cultural background may affect the antecedents of trust towards websites (Doney, Cannon, & Mullen, 1998; Jarvenpaa, Tractinsky, & Saarinen, 1999).”

“Indeed, trust is a crucial enabler in e-commerce, where consumers are exposed to far lesser degrees of dependence and risk, affecting purchase intentions, inquiry intentions and sharing personal information (Gefen 2000, Jarvenpaa and Tractinsky 1999, Pavlou 2001).”

“(2003) and Koufaris and Hampton-Sosa (2004) Perceived ease-of-use van der Heijden et al.”

“Research has shown that trust can effectively address the main issues in relation to the three characteristics discussed above by reducing environmental uncertainty, complexity, and risk, and by enhancing consumer loyalty (Jarvenpaa and Tractinsky, 1999; Jarvenpaa et al., 2000).”

“…of trust may result in an oversight of the relative weight of each of the beliefs that compose it, although the extent of explained variance of intended e-commerce activity is in the same range as previous research that examined trust in this context (Jarvenpaa & Tractinsky, 1999; Gefen, 2000).”

“Operationalization of trust (final items) Jarvenpaa et al. (1999, 2000) )”

“…shopping, trust is focussed on consumer confidence in the website as part of a buyer-seller transactional exchange, and the consumer's willingness to rely on the seller and take actions in circumstances where such action makes the consumer vulnerable to the seller (Jarvenpaa et al., 1999).”

“Prior literature has defined trust as behavioral intentions that result from (1) a general belief in an online retailer [37]; (2) a combination of trustworthiness, integrity, ability, and benevolence of online retailers [58, 59]; or (3) specific beliefs in competence, integrity, and benevolence [69].”

“Jarvenpaa, Tractinsky, and Saarinen (1999) I believe NFC MP service providers keep their promise.”

“Developing reputation of the online retail brand acts as assurance to the customers (Jarvenpaa et al. , 1999; Stratford, 1999).”

“Willingness to buy (WTB) Jarvenpaa and Tractinsky [4];”

“PR has often been modeled as an antecedent of PU or BI in many previous studies [8,11,15,18,28].”

“3 Perceived security Since personal and financial information can be intercepted and used for fraudulent purposes, online investing involves greater security concerns than conventional trading; users need a sense of security when conducting financial transactions, and it is still one of the major barriers to e-commerc…”

“Trust, according to this view, should influence online purchasing through the reduction of the perceived risk of being taken advantage of by the vendor [Jarvenpaa and Tractinsky 1999; Reichheld and Schefter 2000], because, in general, people expect less opportunistic behavior from those whom they trust [Blau 1964; Wil…”

“Hofstede’s classification of countries to study cultural differences (Jarvenpaa et al., 1999; Parasuraman et al., 2004) differences in the role trust plays could be useful in segmenting consumer markets in future studies.”

“Individualism has been found to have a negative impact, contradicting what was hypothesized.”

“Trust in the online store Web site was measured using items adapted from Jarvenpaa and Tractinsky [35].”

“Various researchers have shown significant positive relationship between perceived reputation of vendors and consumer trust [Jarvenpaa et al., 2000; Jarvenpaa and Tractinsky, 1999].”

“Jarvenpaa and Tractinsky [9] empirically analyzed size and perceived reputation of an Internet store as antecedents of trust.”

“Trust is driven by past experiences, long-term orientation, positive trusting stance, and feeling of control ( Jarvenpaa et al., 1999 ).”

“increases behavioral intention via reduced risk among inexperienced potential consumers (Jarvenpaa et al., 1999).”

“Numerous studies have established that trusting beliefs strongly influence customers' intention to purchase from online vendors (e.g. Gefen and Heart, 2006; Jarvenpaa et al., 1999; 2000).”

“…given in the following hypotheses are well established in prior research (cf. Bhattacherjee, 2002, cf. Gefen et al., 2003, Gefen and Straub, 2004, Jarvenpaa and Tractinsky, 1999, Malhotra et al., 2004, McKnight and Chervany, 2001-2002, McKnight et al., 2002b, Pavlou, 2003, Van Slyke et al.,…”

“[33] distinguish between experience in surfing and buying.”

“Kim and Moon (1998), for instance, performed a study where the manipulation of different interface design factors could induce customer confidence.”

“Trust is an important factor in IS studies (Kim and Prabhakar, 2004; Jarvenpaa et al., 1999; Söllner et al., 2016) and has been investigated in numerous contexts, such as virtual teams, blogs, mobile banking and various other B2B and B2C e-commerce platforms (Bhattacherjee, 2002; Junglas et al.,…”

“008 relationships of trust with the main antecedents and technology acceptance variables [34], assurance mechanism [36,75], size and reputation [44], transaction risk [4,31,73], social presence and network [33,49], crosscultural investigation [45], willingness to purchase [9,32], and Internet user's information privac…”

“Culture plays an important role in information systems research, especially in trust formation and adoption/reuse intention of web-based products/applications (Ganguly, Dash, Cyr, & Head, 2010; Hossain & Quaddus, 2012; Jarvenpaa, Tractinsky, & Saarinen, 1999; Weber & Hsee, 1998).”

“In previous research, trust has been found to facilitate online information transaction decision making [44, 57, 60, 92, 102].”

“Some researchers take a third stand, labeling the specific beliefs as trustworthiness and regarding them as antecedents of the general belief in trust (e.g., [6, 47, 61]).”

“Relevant variables may also have been overlooked with perhaps trust as an additional risk reduction variable ( Jarvenpaa et al. , 1999”

“In line with Jarvenpaa et al. (1999), in this research trust refers to consumer confidence in the website and ‘‘willingness to rely on the seller and take actions in circumstances where such action makes the consumer vulnerable to the seller’’ (p. 4).”

“Several studies report a negative relationship between perceived risks and online shopping intentions (e.g., Jarvenpaa and Tractinsky, 1999; Kimery and McCord, 2002), while others find no such linkage (e.g., Liao and Cheung, 2001; Miyazaki and Fernandez, 2001).”

“reflection of the trustworthiness of a company (as also supported by [31]); however, their claims are not supported by empirical evidence.”

“A number of studies have examined the factors that affect trust in the web and webbased vendors (e.g., Gefen et al. 2003a; Jarvenpaa and Tractinsky 1999; McKnight et al. 2002; Pavlou 2003) and concluded that trust positively influences consumers' intent to engage in e-commerce.”

“Cross-cultural research has shown that consumers in different cultures have differing expectations of what makes an e-retailer trustworthy (Jarvenpaa, Tractinsky, and Saarinen 1999).”

“Jarvenpaa and Tractinsky (1999) had conceptualised that there are other factors such as vendor repute and vendor size that affect purchase intention.”

“This relationship between trust and perceived risk has been documented in various studies ( Jarvenpaa, Tractinsky, and Saarinen 1999; Pavlou 2003).”