The relationship between puberty and social emotion processing
Open accessAbstract
The social brain undergoes developmental change during adolescence, and pubertal hormones are hypothesized to contribute to this development. We used fMRI to explore how pubertal indicators (salivary concentrations of testosterone, oestradiol and DHEA; pubertal stage; menarcheal status) relate to brain activity during a social emotion task. Forty-two females aged 11.1 to 13.7 years underwent fMRI scanning while reading scenarios pertaining either to social emotions, which require the representation of another person's mental states, or to basic emotions, which do not. Pubertal stage and menarcheal status were used to assign girls to early or late puberty groups. Across the entire sample, the contrast between social versus basic emotion resulted in activity within the social brain network, including dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), the posterior superior temporal sulcus, and the anterior temporal cortex (ATC) in both hemispheres. Increased hormone levels (independent of age) were associated with higher left ATC activity during social emotion processing. More advanced age (independent of hormone levels) was associated with lower DMPFC activity during social emotion processing. Our results suggest functionally dissociable effects of pubertal hormones and age on the adolescent social brain.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There is still limited empirical evidence directly linking puberty and changes in social cognition or its neural substrates, despite prominent theoretical proposals that they are intimately intertwined.
“There is still limited empirical evidence directly linking puberty and changes in social cognition or its neural substrates, despite prominent theoretical proposals that they are intimately intertwined.(73)”
From Puberty Initiates Cascading Relationships Between Neurodevelopmental, Social, and Internalizing Processes Across Adolescence (2021) · cites this paper as [73]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls
Marshall, W. A., & Tanner, J. M. (1969) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.44.235.291 · Cited by 5,963 · see citing works
Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition
Amodio, D. M., & Frith, C. D. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1884 · Cited by 3,782 · see citing works
Tanner, J. M., & Whitehouse, R. H. (1976) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.51.3.170 · Cited by 3,137 · see citing works
The Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome during Adolescence
Witchel, S. F., Oberfield, S., Rosenfield, R. L., Codner, E., Bonny, A., Ibáñez, L., Pena, A., Horikawa, R., Gomez-Lobo, V., Joel, D., et al. (2015) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000375530 · Cited by 3,113 · see citing works
Handbook of Adolescent Psychology
(2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470479193 · Cited by 2,938 · see citing works
Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.83 · Cited by 2,517 · see citing works
Glial and neuronal control of brain blood flow
Attwell, D., Buchan, A. M., Charpak, S., Lauritzen, M., MacVicar, B. A., & Newman, E. A. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09613 · Cited by 2,511 · see citing works
Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing
Frith, U., & Frith, C. D. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1218 · Cited by 2,306 · see citing works
The social brain in adolescence
Blakemore, S.-J. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2353 · Cited by 1,896 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain development in children and adolescents: Insights from anatomical magnetic resonance imaging
Lenroot, R. K., & Giedd, J. N. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.001 · Cited by 1,863 · see citing works
Analysis of functional MRI time‐series
Friston, K. J., Jezzard, P., & Turner, R. (1994) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460010207 · Cited by 1,835 · see citing works
Parent, A.-S., Teilmann, G., Juul, A., Skakkebaek, N. E., Toppari, J., & Bourguignon, J.-P. (2003) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2002-0019 · Cited by 1,762 · see citing works
Adolescent Brain Development: A Period of Vulnerabilities and Opportunities. Keynote Address
DAHL, R. E. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1308.001 · Cited by 1,667 · see citing works
Neurodevelopmental Trajectories of the Human Cerebral Cortex
Shaw, P., Kabani, N. J., Lerch, J. P., Eckstrand, K., Lenroot, R., Gogtay, N., Greenstein, D., Clasen, L., Evans, A., Rapoport, J. L., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5309-07.2008 · Cited by 1,644 · see citing works
The Enigmatic temporal pole: a review of findings on social and emotional processing
Olson, I. R., Plotzker, A., & Ezzyat, Y. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm052 · Cited by 1,370 · see citing works
An Integrated Software Suite for Surface-based Analyses of Cerebral Cortex
Essen, D. C. V., Drury, H. A., Dickson, J., Harwell, J., Hanlon, D., & Anderson, C. H. (2001) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1136/jamia.2001.0080443 · Cited by 1,100 · see citing works
The neural basis of puberty and adolescence
Sisk, C. L., & Foster, D. L. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1326 · Cited by 1,085 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Many of these changes have been linked with puberty, the biological process that culminates in reproductive competence and a defining event of adolescence (Sisk & Foster, 2004).”
BackgroundResultPubertal hormones organize the adolescent brain and behavior
Sisk, C. L., & Zehr, J. L. (2005) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2005.10.003 · Cited by 1,082 · see citing works
The role of puberty in the developing adolescent brain
Blakemore, S., Burnett, S., & Dahl, R. E. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21052 · Cited by 1,011 · see citing works
Self-citationPubertal transitions in health
Patton, G. C., & Viner, R. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60366-3 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
Self-citationHandbook of Adolescent Psychology
(2004) · doi:10.1002/9780471726746 · Cited by 828 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Adolescence is a key stage in human development, incorporating physical, social, and psychological changes, and culminating in the attainment of a stable adult role (Lerner & Steinberg, 2004).”
BackgroundOnline usage of theory of mind continues to develop in late adolescence
Dumontheil, I., Apperly, I. A., & Blakemore, S. (2010) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00888.x · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Self-citationA shift from diffuse to focal cortical activity with development
Durston, S., Davidson, M. C., Tottenham, N., Galvan, A., Spicer, J., Fossella, J. A., & Casey, B. J. (2006) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00454.x · Cited by 692 · see citing works
Pubertal Development: Correspondence Between Hormonal and Physical Development
Shirtcliff, E. A., Dahl, R. E., & Pollak, S. D. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01263.x · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Social concepts are represented in the superior anterior temporal cortex
Zahn, R., Moll, J., Krüeger, F., Huey, E. D., Garrido, G. J., & Grafman, J. H. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0607061104 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Social brain development and the affective consequences of ostracism in adolescence
Sebastian, C., Viding, E., Williams, K. D., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2010) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.06.008 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Self-citationPubertal development and behavior: hormonal activation of social and motivational tendencies
Forbes, E. E., & Dahl, R. E. (2010) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.10.007 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Immunohistochemical Localization of the Androgen Receptor in Rat and Human Tissues*
Sar, M., Lubahn, D. B., French, F. S., & Wilson, E. M. (1990) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-127-6-3180 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Weiskopf, N., Hutton, C., Josephs, O., & Deichmann, R. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.029 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Pubertal hormones modulate the addition of new cells to sexually dimorphic brain regions
Ahmed, E. I., Zehr, J. L., Schulz, K. M., Lorenz, B. H., DonCarlos, L. L., & Sisk, C. L. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2178 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Reciprocal relation between parent-child distance and pubertal maturation.
Steinberg, L. D. (1988) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.24.1.122 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Sensation seeking, puberty, and nicotine, alcohol, and marijuana use in adolescence
MARTIN, C. A., KELLY, T. H., RAYENS, M. K., BROGLI, B. R., BRENZEL, A., SMITH, W. J., & OMAR, H. A. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200212000-00022 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Performance of a new pubertal self‐assessment questionnaire: a preliminary study
Taylor, S. J., Whincup, P. H., Hindmarsh, Lampe, F. C., Odoki, & Cook, D. G. (2001) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-3016.2001.00317.x · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Growth of white matter in the adolescent brain: role of testosterone and androgen receptor
Perrin, J. S., Hervé, P.-Y., Leonard, G., Perron, M., Pike, G. B., Pitiot, A., Richer, L., Veillette, S., Pausova, Z., & Paus, T. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1212-08.2008 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Forbes, E. E., Ryan, N. D., Phillips, M. L., Manuck, S. B., Worthman, C. M., Moyles, D. L., Tarr, J. A., Sciarrillo, S. R., & Dahl, R. E. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2009.11.006 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
SPEAR, L. P. (2009) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409000066 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Conceptual Knowledge Is Underpinned by the Temporal Pole Bilaterally: Convergent Evidence from rTMS
Lambon Ralph, M. A., Pobric, G., & Jefferies, E. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn131 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Adolescence: what do transmission, transition and translation have to do with it?
Casey, B. J., Duhoux, S., & Cohen, M. M. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.033 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Pfeifer, J. H., Masten, C. L., Piero, L. B. D., Dapretto, M., Fuligni, A. J., & Lieberman, M. D. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01314.x · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Development during Adolescence of the Neural Processing of Social Emotion
Heyes, S. B., Bird, G., Moll, J., Frith, C., & Blakemore, S. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21121 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Self-citationAdolescent development of the neural circuitry for thinking about intentions
Blakemore, S.-J., den Ouden, H., Choudhury, S., & Frith, C. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm009 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Self-citationGonadal hormone modulation of dendrites in the mammalian CNS
Cooke, B. M., & Woolley, C. S. (2005) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/neu.20143 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Developmental changes in the neural basis of interpreting communicative intent
Wang, A. T., Lee, S. S., Sigman, M., & Dapretto, M. (2006) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsl018 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Forbes, E. E., Ryan, N. D., Phillips, M. L., Manuck, S. B., Worthman, C. M., Moyles, D. L., Tarr, J. A., Sciarrillo, S. R., & Dahl, R. E. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-201002000-00010 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Sex steroids and brain structure in pubertal boys and girls: a mini-review of neuroimaging studies
Peper, J. S., Pol, H. E. H., Crone, E. A., & van Honk, J. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.014 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Op de Macks, Z. A., Moor, B. G., Overgaauw, S., Güroğlu, B., Dahl, R. E., & Crone, E. A. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.06.003 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Sex differences in the growth of white matter during adolescence
Perrin, J. S., Leonard, G., Perron, M., Pike, G. B., Pitiot, A., Richer, L., Veillette, S., Pausova, Z., & Paus, T. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.023 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Tabori, N. E., Stewart, L. S., Znamensky, V., Romeo, R. D., Alves, S. E., McEwen, B. S., & Milner, T. A. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.08.048 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Diurnal and Seasonal Cortisol, Testosterone, and DHEA Rhythms in Boys and Girls during Puberty
Matchock, R. L., Dorn, L. D., & Susman, E. J. (2007) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420520701649471 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Neurodevelopmental changes of reading the mind in the eyes
Moor, B. G., de Macks, Z. A. O., Güroğlu, B., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., van der Molen, M. W., & Crone, E. A. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr020 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Schulz, K. M., Richardson, H. N., Zehr, J. L., Osetek, A. J., Menard, T. A., & Sisk, C. L. (2004) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2003.12.007 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Fairness considerations: Increasing understanding of intentionality during adolescence
Güroğlu, B., van den Bos, W., & Crone, E. A. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2009.07.002 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The Developing Social Brain: Implications for Education
Blakemore, S. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.004 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationPubertal changes in gonadal hormones do not underlie adolescent dopamine receptor overproduction
Andersen, S. (2002) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00069-5 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Granger, D. A., Schwartz, E. B., BOOTH, A. R., Curran, M., & Zakaria, D. (1999) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(99)00013-x · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Sumter, S. R., Bokhorst, C. L., Miers, A. C., PELT, J. V., & Westenberg, P. M. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.05.004 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Forbes, E. E., Phillips, M. L., Silk, J. S., Ryan, N. D., & Dahl, R. E. (2011) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2010.550178 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Timing of maturation and predictors of menarche in girls enrolled in a contemporary British cohort
Rubin, C., Maisonet, M., Kieszak, S. M., Monteilh, C. P., Holmes, A. K., Flanders, D. W., Heron, J., Golding, J., McGeehin, M., & Marcus, M. (2009) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2009.01055.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Moore, W. E., Pfeifer, J. H., Masten, C. L., Mazziotta, J. C., Iacoboni, M., & Dapretto, M. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr066 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Pubertal development of the understanding of social emotions: Implications for education
Heyes, S. B., Thompson, S., Bird, G., & Blakemore, S. (2010) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2010.05.007 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationDorn, L. D. (2006) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.05.014 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The adolescent brain: Insights from functional neuroimaging research
Ernst, M., & Mueller, S. (2008) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.20615 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Abraham, A., Werning, M., Hannes Rakoczy, B., von Cramon, D. Y., & Schubotz, R. I. (2008) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2008.03.011 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing?
Blakemore, S.-J., & Mills, K. L. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115202 · Cited by 2,264 · see citing works
Self-citationImportance of investing in adolescence from a developmental science perspective
Dahl, R. E., Allen, N. B., Wilbrecht, L., & Suleiman, A. B. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25770 · Cited by 1,196 · see citing works
Why Interventions to Influence Adolescent Behavior Often Fail but Could Succeed
Yeager, D. S., Dahl, R. E., & Dweck, C. S. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617722620 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Developmental changes in the structure of the social brain in late childhood and adolescence
Mills, K. L., Lalonde, F., Clasen, L. S., Giedd, J. N., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss113 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Self-citationPfeifer, J. H., & Allen, N. B. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.002 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Dumontheil, I. (2014) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2014.07.009 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Byrne, M. L., Whittle, S., Vijayakumar, N., Dennison, M., Simmons, J. G., & Allen, N. B. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.12.004 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Pfeifer, J. H., Kahn, L. E., Merchant, J. S., Peake, S. J., Veroude, K., Masten, C. L., Lieberman, M. D., Mazziotta, J. C., & Dapretto, M. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4074-12.2013 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Alloy, L. B., Hamilton, J. L., Hamlat, E. J., & Abramson, L. Y. (2016) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616643008 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Braams, B. R., Peters, S., Peper, J. S., Güroğlu, B., & Crone, E. A. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.020 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Adolescent brain development and contextual influences: a decade in review
Galván, A. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12687 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Associations between early adrenarche, affective brain function and mental health in children
Whittle, S., Simmons, J. G., Byrne, M. L., Strikwerda-Brown, C., Kerestes, R., Seal, M. L., Olsson, C. A., Dudgeon, P., Mundy, L. K., Patton, G. C., et al. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv014 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Puberty and functional brain development in humans: convergence in findings?
Dai, J., & Scherf, K. S. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100690 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cohen Kadosh, K., Heathcote, L. C., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00111 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
- Authors
- Goddings, A., Burnett Heyes, S., Bird, G., Viner, R. M., & Blakemore, S.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Blakemore, Sarah‐Jayne
- Venue
- Developmental Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-09-12
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 801-811
- ISSN
- 1363-755X (ISSN-L)
- 1467-7687
- PMC
- PMC3795450
- OpenAlex
- W2134132389
- Cited by
- 169
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 6.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Developmental Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Royal Society
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- puberty, pubertal hormones, testosterone, estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone, menarche, adolescent brain development, social brain network, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, posterior superior temporal sulcus, anterior temporal cortex, theory of mind, basic emotions, girls
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Brain Mapping, Child, Dehydroepiandrosterone, Emotions, Estradiol, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Puberty, Regression Analysis, Saliva, Testosterone, Adolescent Development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
