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The Development of Nonverbal Working Memory and Executive Control Processes in Adolescents
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex modulates executive control processes and structurally matures throughout adolescence. Consistent with these events, prefrontal functions that demand high levels of executive control may mature later than those that require working memory but decreased control. To test this hypothesis, adolescents (9 to 20 years old) completed nonverbal working memory tasks with varying levels of executive demands. Findings suggest that recall-guided action for single units of spatial information develops until 11 to 12 years. The ability to maintain and manipulate multiple spatial units develops until 13 to 15 years. Strategic self-organization develops until ages 16 to 17 years. Recognition memory did not appear to develop over this age range. Implications for prefrontal cortex organization by level of processing are discussed.
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In the citing paper
“the frontal lobe capacity for internally guided behavior, working memory, and organizational skills do not reach full adult functional capacity until mid to late adolescence.8, 9, 10, 11, 12”
From A role for synaptic plasticity in the adolescent development of executive function (2013) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Executive functions governed by the PFC exhibit a prolonged period of maturation reaching fulfillment only in late adolescence.11, 130”
From A role for synaptic plasticity in the adolescent development of executive function (2013) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Behavioural studies show that performance of adolescents on tasks including inhibitory control (Leon-Carrion, Garcia-Orza, & Perez-Santamaria, 2004; Luna, Garver, Urban, Lazar, & Sweeney, 2004a), processing speed (Luna et al., 2004a), working memory and decision-making (Luciana, Conklin, Cooper, & Yarger, 2005;Hooper, Luciana, Conklin, & Yarger, 2004) continues to develop during adolescence.”
From Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition (2006) · cites this paper as Luciana, Conklin, Cooper, & Yarger, 2005
In the citing paper
“But as individuals are required to manage increasing quantities of information, the age at which that amount of information can be effectively managed increases (Luciana et al., 2005), supporting the idea that the executive control system is taxed under high demand and that the ability to meet increasing demand increases with age.”
From Incentive Motivation, Cognitive Control, and the Adolescent Brain: Is It Time for a Paradigm Shift? (2012) · cites this paper as Luciana et al., 2005
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Metadata
- Authors
- Luciana, M., Conklin, H. M., Hooper, C. J., & Yarger, R. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Luciana, Monica
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2005-05-01
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 697-712
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2143380878
- Semantic Scholar
- f1b7d7f209080093a6c39c5deab501e329aeae68
- Cited by
- 567
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 8.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- nonverbal working memory, executive function, adolescents, prefrontal cortex maturation, spatial working memory, recognition memory, cognitive development, levels of processing
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Attention, Child, Child Development, Color Perception, Discrimination Learning, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Problem Solving, Psychomotor Performance, Psychophysics, Reaction Time, Reference Values, Retention, Psychology, Prefrontal Cortex
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