Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 918

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The development of animal personality: relevance, concepts and perspectives

Open access
Stamps, Judy, Groothuis, Ton G. G.·2010·Biological Reviews
DOI 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00103.x
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Recent studies of animal personality have focused on its proximate causation and its ecological and evolutionary significance, but have mostly ignored questions about its development, although an understanding of the latter is highly relevant to these other questions. One possible reason for this neglect is confusion about many of the concepts and terms that are necessary to study the development of animal personality. Here, we provide a framework for studying personality development that focuses on the properties of animal personality, and considers how and why these properties may change over time. We specifically focus on three dimensions of personality: (1) contextual generality at a given age or time, (2) temporal consistency in behavioural traits and in relationships between traits, and (3) the effects of genes and experience on the development of personality at a given age or life stage. We advocate using a new approach, contextual reaction norms, to study the contextual generality of personality traits at the level of groups, individuals and genotypes, show how concepts and terms borrowed from the literature on personality development in humans can be used to study temporal changes in personality at the level of groups and individuals, and demonstrate how classical developmental reaction norms can provide insights into the ways that genes and experiential factors interact across ontogeny to affect the expression of personality traits. In addition, we discuss how correlations between the effects of genes and experience on personality development can arise as a function of individuals' control over their own environment,via niche‐picking or niche‐construction. Using this framework, we discuss several widely held assumptions about animal personality development that still await validation, identify neglected methodological issues, and describe a number of promising new avenues for future research.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00103.x

Cites

14 of 14 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 14 references

Research works printed but not linked: 151

  1. 10.1002/bies.20131 · DOI
  2. 10.1098/rspb.2007.0687 · DOI · Paper page
  3. 10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.345 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Asendorpf J. B., 1990, The measurement of individual consistency, Methodika, 4, 1
  5. 10.1002/per.2410060204 · DOI
  6. 10.1016/S0003-3472(76)80002-4 · DOI · Paper page
  7. 10.1016/0003-3472(79)90184-2 · DOI · Paper page
  8. 10.1098/rspb.2006.0199 · DOI · Paper page
  9. 10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.12.022 · DOI · Paper page
  10. 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01081.x · DOI · Paper page
  11. 10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.05.007 · DOI · Paper page
  12. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1999)25:5<365::AID-AB4>3.0.CO;2-J · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2337(1999)25:5<365::aid-ab4>3.0.co;2-j
  13. 10.1163/156853990X00185 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Benus R. F. Koolhaas J. M.&Van Oortmerssen G. A.(1987).Individual‐differences in behavioral reaction to a changing environment in mice and rats pp.105–122. · DOI · Paper page
  15. 10.1016/0031-9384(88)90228-4 · DOI
  16. 10.1016/j.tree.2008.04.003 · DOI · Paper page
  17. 10.1136/bmj.309.6957.780 · DOI · Paper page
  18. 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01106.x · DOI · Paper page
  19. 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16567.x · DOI · Paper page
  20. 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01130.x · DOI · Paper page
  21. 10.1098/rspb.2008.0025 · DOI · Paper page
  22. 10.1006/anbe.1998.0990 · DOI
  23. 10.1126/science.211.4483.721 · DOI
  24. Buss A. H., 1984, Temperament: Early developing personality traits
  25. 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.01.003 · DOI
  26. 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16513.x · DOI · Paper page
  27. Carere C. Drent P. J. Koolhaas J. M.&Groothuis T. G. G.(2005a).Epigenetic effects on personality traits: early food provisioning and sibling competition pp.1329–1355. · DOI
  28. 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.01.003 · DOI · Paper page
  29. Caspi A., 1999, Handbook of personality: theory and research, 300
  30. 10.1207/S15327965PLI1202_01 · DOI · Paper page
  31. 10.1016/S0169-5347(00)89025-4 · DOI
  32. 10.1006/anbe.1998.0852 · DOI · Paper page
  33. 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00162.x · DOI
  34. 10.1098/rspb.2006.3734 · DOI · Paper page
  35. 10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.01.003 · DOI
  36. 10.1073/pnas.0610410104 · DOI · Paper page
  37. 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.10.008 · DOI
  38. 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00618.x · DOI · Paper page
  39. 10.1037/0022-3514.91.3.538 · DOI · Paper page
  40. 10.1038/ng1864 · DOI · Paper page
  41. Dingemanse N. J., 2007, An evolutionary ecologist's view of how to study the persistence of genetic variation in personality, European Journal of Personality, 21, 593
  42. 10.1098/rspb.2004.2680 · DOI · Paper page
  43. 10.1006/anbe.2002.2006 · DOI · Paper page
  44. 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01284.x · DOI · Paper page
  45. 10.1098/rspb.2002.2168 · DOI · Paper page
  46. 10.1086/503922 · DOI
  47. Falconer D. S., 1996, Introduction to Quantitative Genetics
  48. 10.1016/S0003-3472(86)80160-9 · DOI · Paper page
  49. 10.1098/rspb.2007.0337 · DOI · Paper page
  50. 10.1098/rspb.2006.3751 · DOI · Paper page
  51. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.12.005 · DOI
  52. 10.1016/0031-9384(90)90153-U · DOI
  53. 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb02032.x · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb02032.x
  54. 10.1002/jez.a.340 · DOI
  55. 10.1126/science.286.5437.126 · DOI · Paper page
  56. 10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.45 · DOI · Paper page
  57. Gotthard K., 1995, Adaptive plasticity and plasticity as an adaptation –a selective review of plasticity in animal morphology and life‐history, Oikos, 74, 3, 10.2307/3545669 · DOI · Paper page
  58. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.06.010 · DOI · Paper page
  59. 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0258 · DOI
  60. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.12.002 · DOI · Paper page
  61. 10.2307/1382882 · DOI · Paper page
  62. 10.1016/S0003-3472(87)80117-3 · DOI
  63. 10.1016/S0003-3472(89)80062-4 · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(89)80062-4
  64. 10.1002/neu.10172 · DOI
  65. 10.1163/157075605774840914 · DOI
  66. 10.1016/S0003-3472(76)80034-6 · DOI · Paper page
  67. 10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80608-6 · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80608-6
  68. 10.1086/431314 · doi:10.1086/431314
  69. 10.1002/dev.20260 · DOI
  70. Jang K. L., 2007, Behaviour genetics' neglected twin: Gene‐environment correlation, European Journal of Personality, 21, 604
  71. 10.1007/s00265-005-0943-5 · DOI
  72. 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.02.006 · DOI · Paper page
  73. 10.1126/science.3353713 · DOI · Paper page
  74. Kendler K. S., 2006, The nature of genetic influences on behavior: Lessons from “simpler” organisms, American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1683, 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.10.1683 · DOI
  75. Kerr M., 1994, Stability of inhibition in a Swedish longitudinal sample, Child Development, 65, 138, 10.2307/1131371 · DOI
  76. Kingsolver J. G., 2006, Thermal reaction norms for caterpillar growth depend on diet, Evolutionary Ecology Research, 8, 703
  77. 10.1007/BF00290638 · DOI · Paper page
  78. 10.1159/000105485 · DOI · Paper page
  79. 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.09.018 · DOI
  80. 10.1007/s10641-007-9288-4 · doi:10.1007/s10641-007-9288-4
  81. 10.1002/dneu.20521 · DOI
  82. 10.2307/4087240 · DOI · Paper page
  83. Love M. S., 1998, Aspects of the life histories of grass rockfish, Sebastes rastrelliger, and brown rockfish, S. auriculatus, from southern California., California Fisheries Bulletin, 87, 100
  84. 10.1098/rspb.2007.1541 · DOI
  85. 10.1007/s00265-006-0280-3 · DOI
  86. 10.1006/anbe.2002.3058 · DOI
  87. 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.05.026 · DOI · Paper page
  88. 10.1098/rspb.2008.1182 · DOI
  89. 10.1023/A:1007432928783 · doi:10.1023/a:1007432928783
  90. Mendl M.&Paul E. S.(1991).Parental care sibling relationships and the development of aggressive behavior in 2 lines of wild House Mice pp.11–41. · DOI
  91. Moore A. J., 1998, Maternal effects as adaptations, 22, 10.1093/oso/9780195111637.003.0002 · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195111637.003.0002
  92. 10.1038/sj.mp.4001326 · DOI · Paper page
  93. 10.1007/s10519-008-9230-3 · DOI
  94. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.06.011 · DOI
  95. Nelson R. J., 2005, An Introduction to Behavioral Neurobiology
  96. 10.1097/GCO.0b013e3282f76753 · DOI
  97. 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01300.x · DOI · Paper page
  98. 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2003.0056.x · DOI
  99. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.10.006 · DOI · Paper page
  100. 10.1093/icb/45.3.463 · DOI · Paper page
  101. Pigliucci M., 2001, Phenotypic plasticity, 10.56021/9780801867880 · DOI · Paper page
  102. 10.1037/0033-2909.84.2.309 · DOI · Paper page
  103. Reale D., Social behavior: genes, ecology and evolution
  104. 10.1006/anbe.2003.2100 · DOI · Paper page
  105. 10.1006/anbe.2000.1530 · DOI · Paper page
  106. 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00010.x · DOI · Paper page
  107. 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.05.008 · DOI
  108. 10.1186/1741-7007-6-50 · DOI · Paper page
  109. 10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.670 · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.670 · Paper page
  110. 10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.3 · DOI · Paper page
  111. 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2007.00381.x · DOI
  112. 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.05.005 · DOI
  113. 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135223 · DOI · Paper page
  114. 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2005.00155.x · DOI
  115. 10.1177/016502549601900402 · DOI
  116. 10.1016/S0301-6226(03)00151-9 · DOI · Paper page
  117. Schlichting C. D., 1998, Phenotypic evolution: a reaction norm perspective
  118. Schmalhausen I. I., 1949, Factors of Evolution
  119. 10.1037/0022-3514.56.5.777 · DOI
  120. 10.1038/sj.mp.4002048 · DOI
  121. 10.1016/S0065-3454(08)00005-3 · DOI · Paper page
  122. 10.1016/j.tree.2004.04.009 · DOI · Paper page
  123. 10.1086/422893 · DOI · Paper page
  124. 10.1006/anbe.2002.2025 · DOI · Paper page
  125. 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01136.x · DOI · Paper page
  126. 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.05.008 · DOI · Paper page
  127. 10.1037/0735-7036.119.1.99 · DOI · Paper page
  128. 10.1007/BF02359756 · DOI
  129. 10.1098/rspb.2008.0199 · DOI
  130. 10.1093/beheco/arm144 · DOI · Paper page
  131. 10.1006/anbe.2003.2180 · DOI
  132. 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01034.x · DOI · Paper page
  133. 10.1002/em.20357 · DOI · Paper page
  134. 10.1098/rspb.2003.2636 · DOI
  135. 10.1002/sim.2538 · DOI · Paper page
  136. 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.04.018 · DOI
  137. 10.1016/j.tree.2008.04.005 · DOI · Paper page
  138. 10.1016/S0031-9384(02)00667-4 · DOI
  139. 10.1007/s10519-004-5588-z · DOI
  140. Van Oers K. De Jong G. Van Noordwijk A. J. Kempenaers B.&Drent P. J.(2005a).Contribution of genetics to the study of animal personalities: a review of case studies pp.1185–1206. · DOI · Paper page
  141. 10.1093/beheco/ari045 · DOI · Paper page
  142. Veenema A. H., 2004, Stress: Current Neuroendocrine and Genetic Approaches, vol. 1018. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 255
  143. 10.1006/anbe.1994.1344 · DOI · Paper page
  144. 10.1163/156853907780425721 · doi:10.1163/156853907780425721
  145. 10.1002/ajp.20428 · DOI
  146. 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01283.x · DOI · Paper page
  147. 10.1098/rstb.2007.0003 · DOI · Paper page
  148. 10.1016/0169-5347(94)90134-1 · DOI · Paper page
  149. 10.1037/0735-7036.107.3.250 · DOI · Paper page
  150. 10.1073/pnas.0805473105 · DOI · Paper page
  151. 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00371.x · DOI

Cited by

See all 918

Metadata

Authors
Stamps, J., & Groothuis, T. G. G.
Venue
Biological Reviews
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2010-04-12
Volume
85
Issue
2
Pages
301-325
ISSN
  • 0006-3231 (ISSN-L)
  • 1464-7931
  • 1469-185X
DOI
10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00103.x
OpenAlex
W2119029202
Cited by
918
References
14
FWCI
5.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
hybrid
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The development of animal personality: relevance, concepts and perspectives. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00103.x
The paper
Stamps, J., & Groothuis, T. G. G. (2010). The development of animal personality: relevance, concepts and perspectives. Biological Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00103.x

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.