Why do providers contribute to disparities and what can be done about it?

Burgess, Diana J.; Fu, Steven S.; Ryn, Michelle

doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30227.x

Cited by 310Social and Intergroup PsychologyCultural Competency in Health CareRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

Why do providers contribute to disparities and what can be done about it?

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Burgess, Diana J., Fu, Steven S., Ryn, Michelle·2004·Journal of General Internal Medicine

DOI 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30227.xPMC PMC1494785

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Abstract

This paper applies social cognition research to understanding and ameliorating the provider contribution to racial/ethnic disparities in health care. We discuss how fundamental cognitive mechanisms such as automatic, unconscious processes (e.g., stereotyping) can help explain provider bias. Even well-intentioned providers who are motivated to be nonprejudiced may stereotype racial/ethnic minority members, particularly under conditions of that diminish cognitive capacity. These conditions-time pressure, fatigue, and information overload-are frequently found in health care settings. We conclude with implications of the social-cognitive perspective for developing interventions to reduce provider bias.

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The biases of one participant may trigger the biases of the other, magnifying the first participant's biased responses and leading to a snowball effect.
“the biases of one participant may trigger the biases of the other, magnifying the first participant’s biased responses and leading to a snowball effects [56].”
From Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [56]
Health care providers hold stereotypes based on patient race, class, sex, and other characteristics that influence their interpretation of behaviors and symptoms and their clinical decisions.
“There is significant evidence that (1) health care providers hold stereotypes—based on patient race, class, sex, and other characteristics4–17—that influence their interpretation of behaviors and symptoms, and their clinical decisions17–25”
From Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology (2007) · cites this paper as [6]

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Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review
FitzGerald, C., & Hurst, S. (2017) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-017-0179-8 · Cited by 2,398 · see citing works
Implicit racial/ethnic bias among health care professionals and its influence on health care outcomes: a systematic review
Hall, W. J., Chapman, M. V., Lee, K. M., Merino, Y. M., Thomas, T. W., Payne, B. K., Eng, E., Day, S. H., & Coyne-Beasley, T. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302903 · Cited by 2,176 · see citing works
Systemic racism and U.S. health care
Feagin, J., & Bennefield, Z. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.006 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
Advancing Health Disparities Research Within the Health Care System: A Conceptual Framework
Kilbourne, A. M., Switzer, G., Hyman, K., Crowley-Matoka, M., & Fine, M. J. (2006) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.077628 · Cited by 761 · see citing works
Socio-economic status of the patient and doctor–patient communication: does it make a difference?
Willems, S., De Maesschalck, S., Deveugele, M., Derese, A., & De Maeseneer, J. (2005) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2004.02.011 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Physicians’ communication and perceptions of patients: Is it how they look, how they talk, or is it just the doctor?
Street, R. L., Gordon, H. S., & Haidet, P. (2007) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.036 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology
Burgess, D., van Ryn, M., Dovidio, J., & Saha, S. (2007) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0160-1 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
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Contraceptive Counseling
Dehlendorf, C. E., Krajewski, C. M., & Borrero, S. B. (2014) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0000000000000059 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Defining racial and ethnic disparities in pain management
Mossey, J. M. (2011) · Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research · doi:10.1007/s11999-011-1770-9 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
The Effects of Oncologist Implicit Racial Bias in Racially Discordant Oncology Interactions
Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Gonzalez, R., Albrecht, T. L., Chapman, R., Foster, T. S., Harper, F. W. K., Hagiwara, N., Hamel, L. M., Shields, A. F., et al. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2015.66.3658 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
The social gradient in doctor-patient communication
Verlinde, E., De Laender, N., De Maesschalck, S., Deveugele, M., & Willems, S. (2012) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/1475-9276-11-12 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Preventing and Experiencing Ischemic Heart Disease as a Woman: State of the Science
McSweeney, J., Rosenfeld, A., Abel, W. M., Braun, L., Burke, L. E., Daugherty, S., Fletcher, G., Gulati, M., Mehta, L. S., Pettey, C. M., et al. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000381 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Will Pay-For-Performance And Quality Reporting Affect Health Care Disparities?
Casalino, L. P., Elster, A. B., Eisenberg, A., Lewis, E. L., Montgomery, J. M., & Ramos, D. (2007) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.26.3.w405 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Stereotype Threat and Health Disparities: What Medical Educators and Future Physicians Need to Know
Burgess, D. J., Warren, J. R., Phelan, S. M., Dovidio, J. F., & van Ryn, M. (2010) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-009-1221-4 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
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A Framework for Integrating Implicit Bias Recognition Into Health Professions Education
Sukhera, J., & Watling, C. (2018) · Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000001819 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Physician Use of Stigmatizing Language in Patient Medical Records
Park, J., Saha, S., Chee, B., Taylor, J., & Beach, M. C. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.17052 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Mental Health and Medical Health Disparities in 5135 Transgender Veterans Receiving Healthcare in the Veterans Health Administration: A Case–Control Study
Brown, G. R., & Jones, K. T. (2015) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2015.0058 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
One Size Does Not Fit All: Taking Diversity, Culture and Context Seriously
Alegria, M. M., Atkins, M. S., Farmer, E. M. Z., Slaton, E., & Stelk, W. J. (2010) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-010-0283-2 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Unhealthy Interactions: The Role of Stereotype Threat in Health Disparities
Aronson, J. M., Burgess, D. J., Phelan, S. M., & Juarez, L. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.300828 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
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So Much to Do, So Little Time
Fiscella, K. A., & Epstein, R. M. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.17.1843 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Addressing asthma health disparities: A multilevel challenge
CANINO, G. J., McQuaid, E. L., & Rand, C. S. (2009) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.02.043 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Understanding the Provider Contribution to Race/Ethnicity Disparities in Pain Treatment: Insights from Dual Process Models of Stereotyping
Burgess, D. J., van Ryn, M., Crowley‐Matoka, M., & Malat, J. (2006) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00105.x · Cited by 193 · see citing works
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Helping medical learners recognise and manage unconscious bias toward certain patient groups
Teal, C. R., Gill, A. C., Green, A. R., & Crandall, S. J. S. (2011) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04101.x · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Racial-ethnic biases, time pressure, and medical decisions
Stepanikova, I. (2012) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146512445807 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Are Providers More Likely to Contribute to Healthcare Disparities Under High Levels of Cognitive Load? How Features of the Healthcare Setting May Lead to Biases in Medical Decision Making
Burgess, D. J. (2010) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x09341751 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
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Cultural Competency, Race, and Skin Tone Bias Among Pharmacy, Nursing, and Medical Students
White‐Means, S. I., Dong, Z., Hufstader, M. A., & Brown, L. T. (2009) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/1077558709333995 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
The impact of race and disease on sickle cell patient wait times in the emergency department
Haywood, C., Tanabe, P. J., Naik, R. P. P., Beach, M. C., & Lanzkron, S. (2013) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2012.11.005 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Disparities in child and adolescent mental health and mental health services in the U.S.
Alegria, M. M., Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., & Loder, S. (2015) · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Patient race and physicians' decisions to prescribe opioids for chronic low back pain
Burgess, D. J., Crowley-Matoka, M., Phelan, S., Dovidio, J. F., Kerns, R., Roth, C., Saha, S., & van Ryn, M. (2008) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.009 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
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Communication and Racial Inequities in Health Care
Kreps, G. L. (2005) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764205283800 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Eliminating disparity in evaluation for abuse in infants with head injury: use of a screening guideline
Rangel, E. L., Cook, B. S., Bennett, B. L., Shebesta, K. F., Ying, J., & Falcone, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.02.044 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Medical students’ learning orientation regarding interracial interactions affects preparedness to care for minority patients: a report from Medical Student CHANGES
Burgess, D. J., Burke, S. E., Cunningham, B. A., Dovidio, J. F., Hardeman, R. R., Hou, Y., Nelson, D. B., Perry, S., Phelan, S. M., Yeazel, M. W., et al. (2016) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-016-0769-z · Cited by 117 · see citing works
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Disparities in Physicians' Interpretations of Heart Disease Symptoms by Patient Gender: Results of a Video Vignette Factorial Experiment
Maserejian, N. N., Link, C. L., Lutfey, K. L., Marceau, L. D., & McKinlay, J. B. (2009) · Journal of Women's Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2008.1007 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
When Best Intentions Aren’t Enough: Helping Medical Students Develop Strategies for Managing Bias about Patients
Teal, C. R., Shada, R. E., Gill, A. C., Thompson, B. M., Frugé, E., Villarreal, G. B., & Haidet, P. (2010) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-009-1243-y · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-Awareness and Cultural Identity as an Effort to Reduce Bias in Medicine
White, A. A. I., Logghe, H. J., Goodenough, D., Barnes, L., Hallward, A., Allen, I., Green, D. W., Krupat, E., & Llerena-Quinn, R. (2018) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-017-0340-6 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Separate and Unequal: Clinics Where Minority and Nonminority Patients Receive Primary Care
Varkey, A. B. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.559 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Perceived Experiences of Discrimination in Health Care: A Barrier for Cancer Screening Among American Indian Women with Type 2 Diabetes
Gonzales, K. L., Harding, A. K., Lambert, W. E., Fu, R., & Henderson, W. G. (2013) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2012.10.004 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Race matters: Perceptions of race and racism in a sickle cell center
Nelson, S., & Hackman, H. W. (2013) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.24361 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The contributing role of health-care communication to health disparities for minority patients with asthma.
Diette, G., & Rand, C. (2007) · Chest · doi:10.1378/chest.07-1909 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The perspectives of health professionals and patients on racism in healthcare: A qualitative systematic review
Sim, W., Lim, W. H., Ng, C. H., Chin, Y. H., Yaow, C. Y. L., Cheong, C. W. Z., Khoo, C. M., Samarasekera, D. D., Devi, M. K., & Chong, C. S. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255936 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
A Video-Intervention to Improve Clinician Attitudes Toward Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: The Results of a Randomized Experiment
Haywood, C., Lanzkron, S., Hughes, M. T., Brown, R., Massa, M., Ratanawongsa, N., & Beach, M. C. (2010) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-010-1605-5 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Performing Black womanhood: a qualitative study of stereotypes and the healthcare encounter
Sacks, T. K. (2017) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581596.2017.1307323 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Differences in Perioperative Outcomes and Complications Between African American and White Patients After Total Joint Arthroplasty
Stone, A. H., MacDonald, J. H., Joshi, M. S., & King, P. J. (2019) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2018.12.032 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Smoking cessation treatment by primary care physicians: An update and call for training.
Schnoll, R., Rukstalis, M., Wileyto, E., & Shields, A. (2006) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.05.001 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Unequal Motherhood
Roth, L. M., & Henley, M. M. (2012) · Social Problems · doi:10.1525/sp.2012.59.2.207 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
A Forgotten Sexuality: Content Analysis of Bisexuality in the Medical Literature over Two Decades
Kaestle, C. E., & Ivory, A. H. (2012) · Journal of Bisexuality · doi:10.1080/15299716.2012.645701 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Implicit Bias: What Every Pediatrician Should Know About the Effect of Bias on Health and Future Directions
Schnierle, J., Christian-Brathwaite, N., & Louisias, M. (2019) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2019.01.003 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Cultural competence in medical education: aligning the formal, informal and hidden curricula
Paúl, D., Ewen, S. C., & Jones, R. (2014) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-014-9497-5 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Perceived Racial Discrimination in Clinical Encounters among African American Hypertensive Patients
Greer, T. M. (2010) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.0.0265 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Potential Unintended Consequences of Tobacco-Control Policies on Mothers Who Smoke
Burgess, D. J., Fu, S. S., & van Ryn, M. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.05.006 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
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Online cancer communication: Meeting the literacy, cultural and linguistic needs of diverse audiences
Neuhauser, L., & Kreps, G. L. (2008) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.02.015 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Portraying Islam and Muslims in MEDLINE: A content analysis
Laird, L. D., de Marrais, J., & Barnes, L. L. (2007) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.07.029 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The Influence of Physicians’ Demographic Characteristics and Their Patients’ Demographic Characteristics on Physician Practice: Implications for Education and Research
Berger, J. T. (2008) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e31815c6713 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Bone Density Testing Before and After Hip Fracture
Neuner, J. M., Zhang, X., Sparapani, R., Laud, P. W., & Nattinger, A. B. (2007) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0217-1 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
A randomized controlled trial testing a virtual perspective-taking intervention to reduce race and socioeconomic status disparities in pain care
Hirsh, A. T., Miller, M. M., Hollingshead, N. A., Anastas, T., Carnell, S., Lok, B. C. L., Chu, C., Zhang, Y., Robinson, M. E., Kroenke, K., et al. (2019) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001634 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Discordant indigenous and provider frames explain challenges in improving access to arthritis care: a qualitative study using constructivist grounded theory
Thurston, W. E., Coupal, S., Jones, C., Crowshoe, L. L., Marshall, D. A., Homik, J., & Barnabe, C. C. M. (2014) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/1475-9276-13-46 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Disparities in bladder cancer
Jacobs, B. L., Montgomery, J. S., Zhang, Y., Skolarus, T. A., Weizer, A. Z., & Hollenbeck, B. K. (2011) · Urologic Oncology Seminars and Original Investigations · doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.08.011 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Machine Learning to Predict Delayed Cerebral Ischemia and Outcomes in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Savarraj, J. P. J., Hergenroeder, G. W., Zhu, L., Chang, T. R., Park, S., Megjhani, M., Vahidy, F., Zhao, Z., Kitagawa, R. S., & Choi, H. A. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000011211 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Racial Disparities in Access to Cardiac Rehabilitation
Gregory, P. C., LaVeist, T. A., & Simpson, C. F. (2006) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/01.phm.0000233181.34999.3d · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Racial disparities in the content of primary care office visits
Franks, P. J., Fiscella, K. A., & Meldrum, S. C. (2005) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-005-0106-4 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Quality of Asthma Care
Cabana, M. D., Lara, M., & Shannon, J. (2007) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.07-1910 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Racial disparities in post-discharge healthcare utilization after trauma
Fat, S. C., Herrera‐Escobar, J. P., Seshadri, A. J., Rafai, S. S. A., Hashmi, Z. G., de Jager, E. C., Velmahos, C. S., Kasotakis, G., Velmahos, G. C., Salim, A., et al. (2019) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2019.03.024 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Race and ethnicity in genetic research
Sankar, P. L., Cho, M. K., & Mountain, J. L. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31575 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Implicit Bias in Counseling for Permanent Contraception: Historical Context and Recommendations for Counseling
Kathawa, C. A., & Arora, K. S. (2020) · Health Equity · doi:10.1089/heq.2020.0025 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Emergency Medical Practice: Advancing Cultural Competence and Reducing Health Care Disparities
Padela, A. I., & Punekar, I. R. A. (2008) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00305.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Racial Health Disparities in a Cohort of 5,135 Transgender Veterans
Brown, G. R., & Jones, K. T. (2014) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-014-0032-4 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Emergency Department: A Public Health Perspective
Heron, S., Stettner, E. A., & Haley, L. L. (2006) · Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.emc.2006.06.009 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Prescribed regimen intensity in diverse youth with type 1 diabetes: role of family and provider perceptions
Valenzuela, J. M., Greca, A. M. L., Hsin, O., Taylor, C., & Delamater, A. M. (2011) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00766.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Impact of Race/Ethnicity and County-Level Vulnerability on Receipt of Surgery Among Older Medicare Beneficiaries With the Diagnosis of Early Pancreatic Cancer
Azap, R. A., Díaz, A., Hyer, J. M., Tsilimigras, D. I., Mirdad, R. S., Ejaz, A. M., & Pawlik, T. M. (2021) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-021-09911-1 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“We’re a Little Biased”: Medicine and the Management of Bias through the Case of Contraception
Manzer, J. L., & Bell, A. V. (2021) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465211003232 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The Actual Versus Idealized Self: Exploring Responses to Feedback About Implicit Bias in Health Professionals
Sukhera, J. I., Milne, A., Teunissen, P. W., Lingard, L., & Watling, C. (2017) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000002006 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The role of cultural distance between patient and provider in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in HIV care
Saha, S., Sanders, D. S., Korthuis, P. T., Cohn, J. A., Sharp, V., Haidet, P., Moore, R. D., & Beach, M. C. (2011) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.01.012 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The clinical encounter as local moral world: Shifts of assumptions and transformation in relational context
Katz, A. M., & Alegria, M. M. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.009 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Patient PREFERENCES Can Be Misleading as Explanations for Racial Disparities in Health Care
Armstrong, K., Halbert, C. H., & Asch, D. A. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.9.950 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Race, Segregation, and Physicians' Participation in Medicaid
Greene, J., Blustein, J., & Weitzman, B. C. (2006) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2006.00447.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Racial Differences in Shared Decision-Making About Critical Illness
Ashana, D. C., Welsh, W. E., Preiss, D., Sperling, J. B., You, H., Tu, K., Carson, S. S., Hough, C. L., White, D. B., Kerlin, M. P., et al. (2024) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.8433 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
How does physician BMI impact patient trust and perceived stigma?
Bleich, S. N., Gudzune, K. A., Bennett, W. L., Jarlenski, M., & Cooper, L. A. (2013) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.05.005 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Expanding research on the racial disparity in medical treatment with ideas from sociology
Malat, J. (2006) · Health An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1363459306064486 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Tailored interactive multimedia computer programs to reduce health disparities: Opportunities and challenges
Jerant, A. F., Sohler, N., Fiscella, K. A., Franks, B., & Franks, P. J. (2010) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2010.11.012 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Doctors' and Nurses' Explanations for Racial Disparities in Medical Treatment
Clark-Hitt, R., Malat, J., Burgess, D., & Friedemann‐Sánchez, G. (2010) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.0.0275 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citation
Access and Society as Determinants of Ischaemic Heart Disease in Indigenous Populations
Curtis, E., Harwood, M. L. N., Riddell, T., Robson, B., Harris, R. B., Mills, C., & Reid, P. (2010) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2010.04.129 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
When the helper humiliates the patient: A qualitative study about unintended intimidations
Malterud, K., & Thesen, J. (2008) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494807085358 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Acceptability, trust and equity
Gilson, L. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544460.008 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Medicare Coverage of Tumor Necrosis Factor α Inhibitors as an Influence on Physicians’ Prescribing Behavior
DeWitt, E. M. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.1.57 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Treatment and survival vary by race/ethnicity in patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer
Roche, A. M., Fedewa, S. A., Shi, L. L., & Chen, A. Y. (2018) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.31252 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Diabetes Care for Older Veterans: Accounting for Dual Health System Use Changes Conclusions
Halanych, J., Wang, F., Miller, D. R., Pogach, L., Lin, H., Berlowitz, D., & Frayne, S. (2006) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000207433.70159.23 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
White doctors and nurses on racial inequality in health care in the USA: whiteness and colour-blind racial ideology
Malat, J., Clark-Hitt, R., Burgess, D. J., Friedemann‐Sánchez, G., & van Ryn, M. (2010) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870903501970 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation
A comparison of race‐related pain stereotypes held by White and Black individuals
Hollingshead, N. A., Meints, S. M., Miller, M. M., Robinson, M. E., & Hirsh, A. T. (2016) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12415 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ethnic bias amongst medical students in Aotearoa/New Zealand: Findings from the Bias and Decision Making in Medicine (BDMM) study
Cormack, D., Harris, R. B., Stanley, J., Lacey, C. J., Jones, R., & Curtis, E. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201168 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Race/Ethnicity-Based Concerns Over Understanding Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Plan
Jean‐Pierre, P., Fiscella, K. A., Griggs, J. J., Joseph, J., Morrow, G. R., Carroll, J. K., Hendren, S. K., Purnell, J. Q., Figueroa-Moseley, C., Kuebler, P. J., et al. (2010) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30524-1 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Impact of Patient–Doctor Race Concordance on Rates of Weight‐Related Counseling in Visits by Black and White Obese Individuals
Bleich, S. N., Simon, A. E., & Cooper, L. A. (2011) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2010.330 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Heterogeneity of Access to Diabetes Technology Depending on Area Deprivation and Demographics Between 2016 and 2019 in Germany
Auzanneau, M., Rosenbauer, J., Maier, W., von Sengbusch, S., Hamann, J., Kapellen, T. M., Freckmann, G., Schmidt, S., Lilienthal, E., & Holl, R. W. (2021) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968211028608 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Reassessing Unintended Pregnancy
Morse, J. E., Ramesh, S., & Jackson, A. V. (2017) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2016.10.003 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Women’s Education Level, Antenatal Visits and the Quality of Skilled Antenatal Care: A Study of Three African Countries
Babalola, S. (2014) · Journal of health care for the poor and underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2014.0049 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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Authors: Burgess, D. J., Fu, S. S., & Ryn, M.
Affiliations: University of Minnesota (US)
Minneapolis VA Health Care System (US)
Corresponding author: Burgess, Diana J.
ORCID: Burgess, Diana J.
Fu, Steven S.
Ryn, Michelle
Venue: Journal of General Internal Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2004-11
Volume: 19
Issue: 11
Pages: 1154-1159
ISSN: 0884-8734 (ISSN-L)
1525-1497
DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30227.x
PMC: PMC1494785
OpenAlex: W2080008930
Cited by: 310
References: 103
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 43.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Locations: Journal of General Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Cultural Competency in Health Care
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords: racial and ethnic disparities, provider bias, stereotyping, implicit bias, social cognition, health care disparities, cognitive ability, time pressure, information overload, bias reduction interventions
MeSH terms: Black or African American, Delivery of Health Care, Health Services Research, Humans, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Prejudice, Socioeconomic Factors, Stereotyping, White People

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