The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
INDIVIDUAL RISK ATTITUDES: MEASUREMENT, DETERMINANTS, AND BEHAVIORAL CONSEQUENCES
Open accessAbstract
This paper studies risk attitudes using a large representative survey and a complementary experiment conducted with a representative subject pool in subjects' homes.Using a question asking people about their willingness to take risks "in general", we find that gender, age, height, and parental background have an economically significant impact on willingness to take risks.The experiment confirms the behavioral validity of this measure, using paid lottery choices.Turning to other questions about risk attitudes in specific contexts, we find similar results on the determinants of risk attitudes, and also shed light on the deeper question of stability of risk attitudes across contexts.We conduct a horse race of the ability of different measures to explain risky behaviors such as holdings stocks, occupational choice, and smoking.The question about risk taking in general generates the best all-round predictor of risky behavior.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Do Women Shy Away From Competition? Do Men Compete Too Much?
Niederle, M., & Vesterlund, L. (2007) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/qjec.122.3.1067 · Cited by 3,186
Barsky, R. B., Juster, F. T., Kimball, M. S., & Shapiro, M. D. (1997) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355397555280 · Cited by 2,400
Risk Aversion, Wealth, and Background Risk
Guiso, L., & Paiella, M. (2008) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1162/jeea.2008.6.6.1109 · Cited by 1,057
Chapter 113 Men, Women and Risk Aversion: Experimental Evidence
Eckel, C. C., & Grossman, P. J. (2008) · Handbook of Experimental Economics Results · doi:10.1016/s1574-0722(07)00113-8 · Cited by 924
Performance Pay and Multidimensional Sorting: Productivity, Preferences, and Gender
Dohmen, T., & Falk, A. (2011) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.101.2.556 · Cited by 739
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 40
- Barr , Abigail Truman Packard 2002 Revealed Preference and Self-Insurance: Can We Learn from the Self-Employed in Chile? · DOI
- Bellemare, 2007, On Representative Social Capital, European Economic Review, 51, 181, 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2006.03.006 · DOI · Paper page
- Binswanger, 1980, Attitudes Towards Risk: Experimental Measurement in Rural India, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 62, 395, 10.2307/1240194 · DOI · Paper page
- Blackburn, 1994, Statistical Bias Functions and Informative Hypothetical Surveys, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 76, 1084, 10.2307/1243396 · DOI
- Blinder, 1973, Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates, Journal of Human Resources, 8, 436, 10.2307/144855 · DOI · Paper page
- Bonin, 2007, Cross-Sectional Earnings Risk and Occupational Sorting: The Role of Risk Attitudes, Labour Economics, 14, 926, 10.1016/j.labeco.2007.06.007 · DOI · Paper page
- Caliendo, 2009, Risk Attitudes of Nascent Entrepreneurs: New Evidence from an Experimentally-Validated Survey, Small Business Economics, 32, 153, 10.1007/s11187-007-9078-6 · DOI · Paper page
- Camerer, 1999, The Effects of Financial Incentives in Experiments: A Review and Capital-Labor-Production Framework, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 19, 7, 10.1023/A:1007850605129 · DOI · Paper page
- Champ, 2001, Donation Payment Mechanisms and Contingent Valuation: An Empirical Study of Hypothetical Bias, Environmental and Resource Economics, 19, 383, 10.1023/A:1011604818385 · DOI
- Choi, 2007, Consistency and Heterogeneity of Individual Behavior Under Uncertainty, American Economic Review, 97, 1921, 10.1257/aer.97.5.1921 · DOI
- Cramer, 2002, Low Risk Aversion Encourages the Choice for Entrepreneurship: an Empirical Test of a Truism, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 48, 29, 10.1016/S0167-2681(01)00222-0 · DOI
- Diaz-Serrano , Luis Donal O'Neill 2004 The Relationship Between Unemployment and Risk-Aversion · DOI
- Dohmen , Thomas Armin Falk David Huffman Uwe Sunde Jürgen Schupp Gert G. Wagner 2005 Individual Risk Attitudes: New Evidence from a Large, Representative, Experimentally-Validated Survey · DOI · Paper page
- Donkers, 2001, Estimating Risk Attitudes Using Lotteries: A Large Sample Approach, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 22, 165, 10.1023/A:1011109625844 · DOI · Paper page
- Eckel, 2005, Research in Experimental Economics Volume 10: Field Experiments in Economics, 219
- Feinberg, 1977, Risk-Aversion, Risk and the Duration of Unemployment, Review of Economics and Statistics, 59, 264, 10.2307/1925044 · DOI
- Flynn, 1994, Gender, Race, and Perception of Environmental Health Risks, Risk Analysis, 14, 1101, 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00082.x · DOI · Paper page
- Guiso, 2002, An Empirical Analysis of Earnings and Employment Risk, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 20, 241, 10.1198/073500102317351985 · DOI
- Guiso , Luigi Monica Paiella 2005 The Role of Risk Aversion in Predicting Individual Behavior · DOI
- Harrison, 2007, Estimating Risk Attitudes in Denmark: A Field Experiment, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 109, 341, 10.1111/j.1467-9442.2007.00496.x · DOI · Paper page
- Holt, 2002, Risk Aversion and Incentive Effects, American Economic Review, 92, 1644, 10.1257/000282802762024700 · DOI
- Jaeger, 2010, Direct Evidence on Risk Attitudes and Migration, Review of Economics and Statistics, 92, 684, 10.1162/REST_a_00020 · DOI · Paper page
- Loewenstein, 2001, Risk as Feelings, Psychological Bulletin, 127, 267, 10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267 · DOI · Paper page
- Oaxaca, 1973, Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets, International Economic Review, 14, 693, 10.2307/2525981 · DOI · Paper page
- Persico, 2004, The Effect of Adolescence Experience on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Height, Journal of Political Economy, 112, 1019, 10.1086/422566 · DOI · Paper page
- Saris, 2003, Cross-Cultural Survey Methods, 265
- Saris, 1990, Evaluation of Measurement Instruments by Meta-Analysis of Multitrait Multimethod Studies, 134
- Schäfer, 2006, Zur Erfassung der Vermögensbestände im Sozio-oekonomischen Panel (SOEP) im Jahr 2002, DIW Data Documentation, 11
- Schubert, 1999, Financial Decision-Making: Are Women Really More Risk-Averse?, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 89, 381, 10.1257/aer.89.2.381 · DOI · Paper page
- Schupp, 2002, Maintenance of and Innovation in Long-Term Panel Studies. The Case of the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv, 86, 163, 10.1007/s101820200093 · DOI
- Schupp, 2007, New Sources for Theory Based Socio-Economic Behavioral Analysis: The 2002-2006 Pre-Tests for the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, DIW Data Documentation
- Silverman, 1987, Gender Differences in Attitudes Towards Nuclear War and Disarmament, Sex Roles, 16, 189, 10.1007/BF00289649 · DOI
- Slovic, 1972a, Psychological Study of Human Judgment: Implications for Investment Decision Making, Journal of Finance, 27, 777, 10.2307/2978668 · DOI
- Slovic, 1972b, Information Procession, Situation Specificity, and the Generality of Risk-Taking Behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22, 128, 10.1037/h0032370 · DOI
- Slovic, 1999, Trust, Emotion, Sex, Politics, and Science: Surveying the Risk-Assessment Battlefield, Risk Analysis, 19, 689, 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1999.tb00439.x · DOI · Paper page
- Spigner, 1993, Gender Differences in Perception of Risk Associated with Alcohol and Drug Use Among College Students, Women and Health, 20, 87, 10.1300/J013v20n01_06 · DOI
- Stallen, 1988, Public Concern About Industrial Hazards, Risk Analysis, 8, 237, 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1988.tb01177.x · DOI
- Thompson, 2006, Targeted Random Walk Designs, Survey Methodology, 32, 11
- Wagner, 1993, The English Language Public Use File of the German Socio-Economic Panel, The Journal of Human Resources, 28, 429
- Weber, 2002, A Domain-Specific Risk-Attitude Scale: Measuring Risk Perceptions and Risk Behaviors, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 15, 263, 10.1002/bdm.414 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Depression Babies: Do Macroeconomic Experiences Affect Risk-Taking?
Malmendier, U., & Nagel, S. (2011) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjq004 · Cited by 2,480
Global Evidence on Economic Preferences*
Falk, A., Becker, A., Dohmen, T., Enke, B., Huffman, D., & Sunde, U. (2018) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjy013 · Cited by 1,724
Self-citationHaushofer, J., & Fehr, E. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1232491 · Cited by 1,638
Why Do Investors Hold Socially Responsible Mutual Funds?
RIEDL, A., & SMEETS, P. (2017) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/jofi.12547 · Cited by 1,378
Spontaneous giving and calculated greed
Rand, D. G., Greene, J. D., & Nowak, M. A. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11467 · Cited by 1,334
The Intergenerational Transmission of Risk and Trust Attitudes
Dohmen, T., Falk, A., Huffman, D., & Sunde, U. (2012) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdr027 · Cited by 1,037
Self-citationThe Economics of Human Development and Social Mobility
Heckman, J. J., & Mosso, S. (2014) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-080213-040753 · Cited by 940
23and Me Research Team, Karlsson Linnér, R., eQTLgen Consortium, International Cannabis Consortium, Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, Biroli, P., Kong, E., Meddens, S. F. W., Wedow, R., Fontana, M. A., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0309-3 · Cited by 756
Self-citationMisperceived Social Norms: Women Working Outside the Home in Saudi Arabia
Bursztyn, L., González, A. L., & Yanagizawa-Drott, D. (2020) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20180975 · Cited by 596
Personality Psychology and Economics
Almlund, M., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J., & Kautz, T. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16822 · Cited by 540
Betrayal Aversion: Evidence from Brazil, China, Oman, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United States
Bohnet, I., Greig, F., Herrmann, B., & Zeckhauser, R. (2008) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.98.1.294 · Cited by 481
Hoffmann, R., & Muttarak, R. (2017) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.016 · Cited by 439
Trust and reliance on AI — An experimental study on the extent and costs of overreliance on AI
Klingbeil, A., Grützner, C., & Schreck, P. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108352 · Cited by 450
Adolescents’ risk-taking behavior is driven by tolerance to ambiguity
Tymula, A., Rosenberg Belmaker, L. A., Roy, A. K., Ruderman, L., Manson, K., Glimcher, P. W., & Levy, I. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1207144109 · Cited by 387
The evolution of antisocial punishment in optional public goods games
Rand, D. G., & Nowak, M. A. (2011) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms1442 · Cited by 350
Heterogeneity in Risky Choice Behavior in a Broad Population
von Gaudecker, H.-M., van Soest, A., & Wengström, E. (2011) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.101.2.664 · Cited by 349
The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks
Kahan, D. M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L. L., Braman, D., & Mandel, G. (2012) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate1547 · Cited by 352
A reflection on economic uncertainty and fertility in Europe: The Narrative Framework
Vignoli, D., Guetto, R., Bazzani, G., Pirani, E., & Minello, A. (2020) · Genus · doi:10.1186/s41118-020-00094-3 · Cited by 332
Childhood roots of financial literacy
Grohmann, A., Kouwenberg, R., & Menkhoff, L. (2015) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2015.09.002 · Cited by 289
Gender differences in financial risk taking: The role of financial literacy and risk tolerance
Bannier, C. E., & Neubert, M. (2016) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2016.05.033 · Cited by 249
Prosociality predicts health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic
Campos-Mercade, P., Meier, A. N., Schneider, F. H., & Wengström, E. (2021) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104367 · Cited by 242
Gender-related variables for health research
Nielsen, M. W., Stefanick, M. L., Peragine, D., Neilands, T. B., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Pilote, L., Prochaska, J. J., Cullen, M. R., Einstein, G., Klinge, I., et al. (2021) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-021-00366-3 · Cited by 238
Hawlitschek, F., Teubner, T., & Weinhardt, C. (2016) · Die Unternehmung · doi:10.5771/0042-059x-2016-1-26 · Cited by 217
Falk, A., Becker, A., Dohmen, T., Huffman, D., & Sunde, U. (2016) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2725035 · Cited by 195
Self-citationHawlitschek, F., Teubner, T., & Gimpel, H. (2016) · 2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2016.593 · Cited by 177
Schonberg, T., Fox, C. R., Mumford, J. A., Congdon, E., Trepel, C., & Poldrack, R. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00080 · Cited by 162
Open source barriers to entry, revisited: a sociotechnical perspective
Mendez, C., Padala, H. S., Steine-Hanson, Z., Hilderbrand, C., Horvath, A., Hill, C., Simpson, L., Patil, N., Sarma, A., & Burnett, M. (2018) · Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering · doi:10.1145/3180155.3180241 · Cited by 118
Cohn, A., Gesche, T., & Maréchal, M. A. (2022) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2021.3985 · Cited by 62
Why Do Retail Investors Pick Green Investments? A Lab-in-the-Field Experiment with Crowdfunders
Siemroth, C., & Hornuf, L. (2023) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2023.02.023 · Cited by 54
Stereotypes and false consensus: How financial professionals predict risk preferences
Roth, B., & Voskort, A. (2014) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.05.006 · Cited by 47
Risk preferences and development revisited
Vieider, F. M., Martinsson, P., Nam, P. K., & Truong, N. (2019) · Theory and Decision · doi:10.1007/s11238-018-9674-8 · Cited by 47
OK computer: Worker perceptions of algorithmic recruitment
Fumagalli, E., Rezaei, S., & Salomons, A. (2022) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2021.104420 · Cited by 46
Unlocking Online Reputation: On the Effectiveness of Cross-Platform Signaling in the Sharing Economy
Teubner, T., Adam, M. T. P., & Hawlitschek, F. (2020) · Business & Information Systems Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12599-019-00620-4 · Cited by 35
Exploring the diffusion of low-energy houses: An empirical study in the European Union
Olsthoorn, M., Schleich, J., & Faure, C. (2019) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2019.03.043 · Cited by 32
Pushkarskaya, H., Sobowale, K., Henick, D., Tolin, D. F., Anticevic, A., Pearlson, G. D., Levy, I., Harpaz-Rotem, I., & Pittenger, C. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.11.029 · Cited by 30
Evidence for Opportunity Cost Neglect in the Poor
Plantinga, A., Krijnen, J. M. T., Zeelenberg, M., & Breugelmans, S. M. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2041 · Cited by 29
Reducing Crime and Violence: Experimental Evidence on Adult Noncognitive Investments in Liberia
Blattman, C., Jamison, J. C., & Sheridan, M. (2016) · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-7648 · Cited by 27
Status quo bias and attitude towards risk: An experimental investigation
Bekir, I., & Doss, F. (2020) · Managerial and Decision Economics · doi:10.1002/mde.3140 · Cited by 21
Land redistribution in South Africa’s land reform policy: a better way to select beneficiaries
Zantsi, S., & Greyling, J. C. (2021) · Agrekon · doi:10.1080/03031853.2021.1906286 · Cited by 22
Teubner, T., Adam, M., Camacho, S., & Hassanein, K. (2022) · Information Systems Management · doi:10.1080/10580530.2020.1871533 · Cited by 17
In Stars We Trust – A Note on Reputation Portability Between Digital Platforms
Hesse, M., Teubner, T., & Adam, M. T. P. (2022) · Business & Information Systems Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12599-021-00717-9 · Cited by 16
Alzua, M. L., Baez, M. J., Galiwango, S., Joloba, D., Kachero, B., Lopera, M. A., Ssekandi, J., & Zigiti, Z. (2020) · Review of Development Economics · doi:10.1111/rode.12706 · Cited by 10
Rankings and Risk‐Taking in the Finance Industry
KIRCHLER, M., LINDNER, F., & WEITZEL, U. (2018) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/jofi.12701 · Cited by 2
Falling and failing (to learn): Evidence from a nation-wide cybersecurity field experiment with SMEs
Gonzalez-Jimenez, D., Capozza, F., Dirkmaat, T., van de Veer, E., van Druten, A., & Baillon, A. (2025) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106868 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Dohmen, T., Falk, A., Huffman, D., Sunde, U., Schupp, J., & Wagner, G. G.
- Venue
- Journal of the European Economic Association
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-03-31
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 522-550
- ISSN
- 1542-4766 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2106098322
- Cited by
- 3,896
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 92.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- Licence
- doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1 (tdm, 1615 d)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.