Increased Amygdala and Insula Activation During Emotion Processing in Anxiety-Prone Subjects
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Increased amygdala reactivity during processing of certain types of emotional stimuli (e.g., fear, anger) has been observed in patients with anxiety disorders such as social phobia and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is uncertain whether this heightened amygdala reactivity is specific to treatment-seeking patients with anxiety disorders or is a general feature of individuals with increased anxiety-related temperamental traits. METHOD: Thirty-two physically healthy subjects 18-21 years old were recruited from a large pool of college students. Of these, 16 were chosen on the basis of scoring in the upper-15th percentile on a measure of trait anxiety (anxiety-prone group), and 16 were chosen on the basis of scoring in the normative range (40th-60th percentile). Subjects participated in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during an emotion face assessment task that has been shown to reliably engage amygdala and associated limbic structures. RESULTS: Anxiety-prone subjects had significantly greater bilateral amygdala and insula activation to emotional faces than did the anxiety-normative comparison subjects. Higher scores on several measures assessing anxiety proneness (e.g., neuroticism, trait anxiety, and anxiety sensitivity) were associated with greater activation of the amygdala (predominantly left-sided) and the anterior insula (bilateral). CONCLUSIONS: Increased amygdala and insula reactivity to certain types of emotional processing is seen in young adults with increased anxiety-related temperamental traits. Therefore, this brain emotion-processing profile may be a functional endophenotype for proneness to (certain kinds of) anxiety disorders.
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Greater activation in the insula was observed for young adults with high anxiety when matching emotional faces and during anticipation of a negative image.
“Simmons and colleagues observed greater activation in the insula for young adults with high anxiety (nontreatment-seeking) when matching emotional faces (Stein, Simmons, Feinstein, & Paulus, 2007) and during anticipation of a negative image (Simmons, Strigo, Matthews, Paulus, & Stein, 2006).”
From Extension of the Transdiagnostic Model to Focus on Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Review of the Literature and Implications for Treatment (2014) · cites this paper as Stein, Simmons, Feinstein, & Paulus, 2007
Over 95% of citations made to retracted articles are in error.
“over 95% of citations made to retracted articles are in error ( 47 )”
From scite: A smart citation index that displays the context of citations and classifies their intent using deep learning (2021) · cites this paper as [47]
Anxiety is associated with functional connectivity between the amygdala and the insula, as well as coupling between the amygdala and the OFC.
“Investigators have previously shown that anxiety is associated with the functional connectivity between the amygdala and the insula (Baur et al., 2013; Shah et al., 2009; Stein et al., 2007) as well as the coupling between the amygdala and the OFC (Hahn et al., 2011; Sladky et al., 2013).”
From Distinct neural representations of placebo and nocebo effects (2015) · cites this paper as Stein et al., 2007
The insula is responsible for interoception, disgust, emotion processing, emotion recall and anticipation of aversive stimuli.
“an area responsible for interoception,20 disgust,21 emotion processing,22 emotion recall9 and anticipation of aversive stimuli.19”
From Altered resting-state amygdala functional connectivity in men with posttraumatic stress disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [22]
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- Authors
- Stein, M. B., Simmons, A. N., Feinstein, J. S., & Paulus, M. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2007-02
- Volume
- 164
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 318-327
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2137811349
- Cited by
- 851
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 66.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-64122, MH 65413, K24MH064122, R01MH065413)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Keywords
- amygdala activation, anterior insula, emotional processing, anxiety proneness, trait anxiety, neuroticism, anxiety sensitivity, emotional face processing, endophenotypes, anxiety disorders, young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Amygdala, Anger, Anxiety Disorders, Cerebral Cortex, Disease Susceptibility, Emotions, Facial Expression, Fear, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Oxygen, Phobic Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Social Perception, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Visual Perception, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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