Molecular and electrophysiological evidence for net synaptic potentiation in wake and depression in sleep
Abstract
Plastic changes occurring during wakefulness aid in the acquisition and consolidation of memories. For some memories, further consolidation requires sleep, but whether plastic processes during wakefulness and sleep differ is unclear. We show that, in rat cortex and hippocampus, GluR1-containing AMPA receptor (AMPAR) levels are high during wakefulness and low during sleep, and changes in the phosphorylation states of AMPARs, CamKII and GSK3beta are consistent with synaptic potentiation during wakefulness and depression during sleep. Furthermore, slope and amplitude of cortical evoked responses increase after wakefulness, decrease after sleep and correlate with changes in slow-wave activity, a marker of sleep pressure. Changes in molecular and electrophysiological indicators of synaptic strength are largely independent of the time of day. Finally, cortical long-term potentiation can be easily induced after sleep, but not after wakefulness. Thus, wakefulness appears to be associated with net synaptic potentiation, whereas sleep may favor global synaptic depression, thereby preserving an overall balance of synaptic strength.
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Levels of postsynaptic glutamatergic AMPA receptors containing the glutamate receptor (GluR1)-1 subunit reliably indicate synaptic plasticity and were revealed to be high during wakefulness and distinctly lower (by 40%) during sleep.
“Levels of postsynaptic glutamatergic AMPA receptors containing the glutamate receptor (GluR1)-1 subunit reliably indicate synaptic plasticity and were revealed to be high during wakefulness and distinctly lower (by 40%) during sleep (1264).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1264]
In rats, slope and amplitude of the electrically evoked cortical potential increased during sustained wakefulness and decreased after sleep, and these changes correlated with SWA.
“Indeed, in rats, slope and amplitude of the electrically evoked cortical potential as indicators of synaptic strength progressively increased during sustained wakefulness and decreased after sleep, and these changes were correlated with SWA (1264).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1264]
Prolonged waking decreases the ability to induce further long-term potentiation in various models, which in turn should inhibit learning.
“Prolonged waking decreases the ability to induce further LTP in various models, which in turn should inhibit learning (Vyazovskiy et al., 2008);”
From Biological rhythms, higher brain function, and behavior: Gaps, opportunities, and challenges (2009) · cites this paper as Vyazovskiy et al., 2008
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“Are there inconsistencies of our results with previous studies? (1) After prolonged waking periods, the slope of callosal evoked responses increases (Vyazovskiy et al., 2008).”
EEG sleep slow-wave activity as a mirror of cortical maturation
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“the physiological effects, for example, postsynaptic currents (Vyazovskiy et al. 2008).”
BackgroundHippocampal ripples down-regulate synapses
Norimoto, H., Makino, K., Gao, M., Shikano, Y., Okamoto, K., Ishikawa, T., Sasaki, T., Hioki, H., Fujisawa, S., & Ikegaya, Y. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aao0702 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Cortical circuit activity underlying sleep slow oscillations and spindles
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Light and Cognition: Roles for Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Arousal
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“Critically, GluA1 levels in synaptoneurosomes in both the cortex and hippocampus have been shown to be elevated following prolonged wakefulness (156).”
BackgroundDash, M. B., Douglas, C. L., Vyazovskiy, V. V., Cirelli, C., & Tononi, G. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5486-08.2009 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
“Strikingly, cerebral metabolism in mice is also contingent upon the sleep–waking history (Vyazovskiy et al., 2008a).”
BackgroundInfluentialSleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective
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Cortisol Inhibits Neuroplasticity Induction in Human Motor Cortex
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“LTP in rat cerebral cortex is induced more readily 1– 60 min after sleep than after several hours of wakefulness (Vyazovskiy et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSleep-wake cycles drive daily dynamics of synaptic phosphorylation
Brüning, F., Noya, S. B., Bange, T., Koutsouli, S., Rudolph, J. D., Tyagarajan, S. K., Cox, J., Mann, M., Brown, S. A., & Robles, M. S. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav3617 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Effects of Sleep and Wake on Oligodendrocytes and Their Precursors
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“, 2009), and the expression of synaptic-enriched GluR1-containing AMPA receptors (Vyazovskiy et al., 2008) and their currents (Lante et al.”
BackgroundTuning pathological brain oscillations with neurofeedback: a systems neuroscience framework
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Why We Sleep: The Temporal Organization of Recovery
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“2008) and result in an overall slowing of resting EEG activity (Hughes, 1996 ; Vyazovskiy et al. 2008).”
InfluentialNeuromodulation of Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity: Past, Present, and Future
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Mechanisms of sleep-dependent consolidation of cortical plasticity
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“First, we investigated a naturally occurring form of plasticity in vivo, whereas these authors examined artificial forms of induced plasticity (or electrically evoked responses) and gene and protein expression in animals whose brains were not stimulated to remodel (Cirelli et al., 2004; Vyazovskiy et al., 2008 ).”
BackgroundResultLaminar analysis of slow wave activity in humans
Csercsa, R., Dombovári, B., Fabó, D., Wittner, L., Erőss, L., Entz, L., Sólyom, A., Rásonyi, G., Szűcs, A., Kelemen, A., et al. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq169 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
“, 2007) and synaptic strength normalization (Vyazovskiy et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialGenetics of circadian rhythms and sleep in human health and disease
Lane, J. M., Qian, J., Mignot, E., Redline, S., Scheer, F. A. J. L., & Saxena, R. (2023) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-022-00519-z · Cited by 236 · see citing works
The relation of ongoing brain activity, evoked neural responses, and cognition
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Circadian regulation of human cortical excitability
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Unraveling the evolutionary determinants of sleep
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“…slices are consistent with the report that the slope and amplitude of field potentials increase in wake and decrease in sleep in freely moving rats (Vyazovskiy et al., 2008), and with similar observations in humans using transcranial magnetic stimulation and high-density EEG (Bellina et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLocal Experience-Dependent Changes in the Wake EEG after Prolonged Wakefulness
Hung, C., Sarasso, S., Ferrarelli, F., Riedner, B. A., Ghilardi, M. F., Cirelli, C., & Tononi, G. (2012) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.2302 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
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“From a molecular point of view, the levels of GluA1-containing AMPA receptors (a molecular marker of synaptic potentiation) were found to be 30 e 40% higher after wakefulness than after sleep in rats [117].”
Sleep and synaptic down-selection
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“Of note, in adult rats, levels of phosphorylated GSK- 3ß are higher in wake than in sleep (Vyazovskiy et al., 2008).”
InfluentialInvolvement of Ca2+-Dependent Hyperpolarization in Sleep Duration in Mammals
Tatsuki, F., Sunagawa, G. A., Shi, S., Susaki, E. A., Yukinaga, H., Perrin, D., Sumiyama, K., Ukai‐Tadenuma, M., Fujishima, H., Ohno, R.-I., et al. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.02.032 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“Although some experimental results support the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis (Vyazovskiy et al., 2008), others challenge it (Yang et al., 2014).”
Hinard, V., Mikhail, C., Pradervand, S., Curie, T., Houtkooper, R. H., Auwerx, J. H., Franken, P., & Tafti, M. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2306-12.2012 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“…far, the evidence is based on glucose metabolism or gene expression related to metabolism of lipids and proteins (Kennedy et al., 1982; Everson et al., 1994; Cirelli and Tononi, 2000b; Netchiporouk et al., 2001; Franken et al., 2003; Brown, 2004; Mackiewicz et al., 2007; Vyazovskiy et al., 2008a).”
BackgroundCarvalho, D. Z., Louis, E. K. S., Knopman, D. S., Boeve, B. F., Lowe, V. J., Roberts, R. O., Mielke, M. M., Przybelski, S. A., Machulda, M. M., Petersen, R. C., et al. (2018) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0049 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
“However,Aβ42generation isalso influencedbysynapticactivity,(24,25,63)which ismaximumduringwakefulnessanddecreasedafter sleep, correlating with slowwave activity.(64) Slowwave activity reduces cerebral cortexmetabolism(65)andalsoappears topromotedownscaling of synaptic connections.”
Control and Function of the Homeostatic Sleep Response by Adenosine A1Receptors
Bjorness, T. E., Kelly, C., Gao, T., Poffenberger, V., & Greene, R. W. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2942-08.2009 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“It has been suggested that sleep function is involved in the consolidation of learning (Walker and Stickgold, 2004; Stickgold and Walker, 2005) or in the global homeostasis of synaptic plasticity of learning and memory (Vyazovskiy et al., 2008), based on observations of performance with or without intervening episodes…”
BackgroundSleep-Dependent Improvement in Visuomotor Learning: A Causal Role for Slow Waves
Crupi, D., Hulse, B. K., Peterson, M. J., Huber, R., Ansari, H., Coen, M., Cirelli, C., Benca, R. M., Ghilardi, M. F., & Tononi, G. (2009) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/32.10.1273 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
The role of metaplasticity mechanisms in regulating memory destabilization and reconsolidation
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“Sleep spindles may serve to enhance memory consolidation and to depotentiate synaptic connectivity in the service of eliminating “mnemonic background noise” (152,153).”
BackgroundHayashi, Y., Koyanagi, S., Kusunose, N., Okada, R., Wu, Z., Tozaki‐Saitoh, H., Ukai, K., Kohsaka, S., Inoue, K., Ohdo, S., et al. (2013) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep02744 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
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Common mechanisms of human perceptual and motor learning
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Hagewoud, R., Havekes, R., Novati, A., Keijser, J. N., van der Zee, E. A., & Meerlo, P. (2009) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00799.x · Cited by 187 · see citing works
A pivotal role of GSK-3 in synaptic plasticity
Bradley, C. A., Peineau, S., Taghibiglou, C., Nicolas, C. S., Whitcomb, D. J., Bortolotto, Z. A., Kaang, B., Cho, K., Wang, Y. T., & Collingridge, G. L. (2012) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2012.00013 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“The sleep state (relative to awake state) was associated with low Ser9 phosphorylation of GSK-3β, and hence greater activity and low GluA1 levels as well as a long lasting depression of responses to evoked stimulation (Vyazovskiy et al., 2008).”
BackgroundChanges in EEG multiscale entropy and power‐law frequency scaling during the human sleep cycle
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The role of sleep in recovery following ischemic stroke: A review of human and animal data
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Neuronal Activity Regulates Blood-Brain Barrier Efflux Transport through Endothelial Circadian Genes
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“Mice are active during their dark period (ZT12-ZT24) and rest during their light period (ZT0-ZT12), thus exhibiting higher excitatory neuronal activity during the dark period associated with wakefulness and lower excitatory neuronal activity during the light period associated with sleep (Vyazovskiy et al., 2008; Bero…”
Sculpting memory during sleep: concurrent consolidation and forgetting
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“Likewise the amount of AMPA receptors on glutamatergic neurons is reduced across sleep [47].”
Circadian and Homeostatic Regulation of Structural Synaptic Plasticity in Hypocretin Neurons
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“Further, induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) is diminished after wakefulness and restored after sleep (Vyazovskiy et al., 2008).”
BackgroundCircadian clocks: genes, sleep, and cognition
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Calcium regulation of neural rhythms, memory and Alzheimer's disease
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“This synaptic homeostasis hypothesis proposes that the redundant information stored in those potentiated synaptic connections are returned to baseline levels during sleep (Tononi & Cirelli, 2006; Vyazovskiy et al. 2008).”
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“Trends in Neurosciences, May 2017, Vol. 40, No. 5 315 Correla on with slow spindle (11-13Hz) Lobule IV-V LR Schabus et al., 2007; fMRI Nega vely correla on with delta ac vity Lobule VIIa Crus I (Hem) LR Hofle et al., 1997; fMRI NREM1 < Wake Lobule VII A Crus II (Hem) LR Kjaer et al., 2002; PET REM > Wake (post-sleep)…”
InfluentialSleep Interacts with Aβ to Modulate Intrinsic Neuronal Excitability
Tabuchi, M., Lone, S. R., Liu, S., Liu, Q., Zhang, J., Spira, A. P., & Wu, M. N. (2015) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.016 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
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“A physiological effect of the observed diurnal variation of ISF Aβ could be the known overall increase in synaptic strength during the day and synaptic depression during periods of sleep [20, 24, 100].”
Sleep recalibrates homeostatic and associative synaptic plasticity in the human cortex
Kuhn, M., Wolf, E., Maier, J. G., Mainberger, F., Feige, B., Schmid, H., Bürklin, J., Maywald, S., Mall, V., Jung, N. H., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12455 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
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Ras and Rap Signaling in Synaptic Plasticity and Mental Disorders
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Sleep homeostasis in the rat is preserved during chronic sleep restriction
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Peripheral and central inputs shape network dynamics in the developing visual cortex in vivo
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An inhibitory gate for state transition in cortex
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“…modulation of sensory inputs (Petersen et al., 2003a; Haider et al., 2007; Reig et al., 2015), the regulation of synaptic plasticity (Rosanova and Ulrich, 2005; Vyazovskiy et al., 2008), and the control of memory consolidation (Diekelmann and Born, 2010; Miyamoto et al., 2016; Rasch et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMolecular Mechanisms of Sleep Homeostasis in Flies and MammalsPreprint
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“Others suggest that sleep provides a vital opportunity for synaptic downscaling (Vyazovskiy et al., 2008; Maret et al., 2011) following cumulative potentiation during wakefulness and that further potentiation during sleep could harm memory encoding (Tononi and Cirelli, 2014).”
BackgroundIndividual Differences in White Matter Diffusion Affect Sleep Oscillations
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Daily Oscillation of the Excitation-Inhibition Balance in Visual Cortical Circuits
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Deep sleep maintains learning efficiency of the human brain
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Functional interactions between intrinsic brain activity and behavior
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“The most prominent example is the optimization (consolidation) of synaptic connections during sleep (Diekelmann and Born, 2010; Vyazovskiy et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSleep and circadian rhythmicity as entangled processes serving homeostasis
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“Characteristics of slow waves, such as their incidence, amplitude and slopes that have been considered (although not universally accepted) as electrophysiological markers of synaptic strength 76 , are also modulated by circadian phase 60 .”
- Authors
- Vyazovskiy, V. V., Cirelli, C., Pfister-Genskow, M., Faraguna, U., & Tononi, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cirelli, Chiara
- Tononi, Giulio
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2008-01-20
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 200-208
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- OpenAlex
- W2109919607
- Cited by
- 837
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 26.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- National Institutes of Health (DP1OD000579)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- synaptic potentiation, synaptic depression, sleep, wakefulness, AMPA receptors, GluR1, receptor phosphorylation, CaMKII, GSK3β, slow-wave activity, sleep pressure, cortical evoked potentials, long-term potentiation, memory consolidation, hippocampus, cortex, synaptic plasticity
- MeSH terms
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Cerebral Cortex, Electroencephalography, Electromyography, Gene Expression Regulation, Hippocampus, Male, Neuronal Plasticity, Phosphorylation, Rats, Inbred WKY, Serine, Sleep, Synapses, Temperature, Threonine, Wakefulness, Receptors, AMPA, Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3, Rats, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2
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