Bile Salts and Glycine as Cogerminants for Clostridium difficile Spores

Sorg, Joseph A.; Sonenshein, Abraham L.

doi:10.1128/jb.01765-07

Cited by 711Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens researchGut microbiota and healthBacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing

Bile Salts and Glycine as Cogerminants for Clostridium difficile Spores

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Sorg, Joseph A., Sonenshein, Abraham L.·2008·Journal of Bacteriology

DOI 10.1128/jb.01765-07PMC PMC2293200

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Abstract

Spore formation by Clostridium difficile is a significant obstacle to overcoming hospital-acquired C. difficile -associated disease. Spores are resistant to heat, radiation, chemicals, and antibiotics, making a contaminated environment difficult to clean. To cause disease, however, spores must germinate and grow out as vegetative cells. The germination of C. difficile spores has not been examined in detail. In an effort to understand the germination of C. difficile spores, we characterized the response of C. difficile spores to bile. We found that cholate derivatives and the amino acid glycine act as cogerminants. Deoxycholate, a metabolite of cholate produced by the normal intestinal flora, also induced germination of C. difficile spores but prevented the growth of vegetative C. difficile . A model of resistance to C. difficile colonization mediated by the normal bacterial flora is proposed.

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TCA acts as a germinant for C. difficile spores.
“TCA acts as a germinant for C. difficile spores”
From Bile salt hydrolases shape the bile acid landscape and restrict Clostridioides difficile growth in the murine gut (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
A healthy gut microbiota promotes colonization resistance against C. difficile through metabolism of bile acids to both reduce primary bile acids, which promote C. difficile spore germination, and increase secondary bile acids, which inhibit C. difficile vegetative growth.
“Therefore, a healthy gut microbiota promotes colonization resistance against C. difficile through metabolism of bile acids to both reduce primary bile acids, which promote C. difficile spore germination, and increase secondary bile acids, which inhibit C. difficile vegetative growth.”
From Role of the gut microbiota in nutrient competition and protection against intestinal pathogen colonization (2023) · cites this paper as [51]
Bile salts play an important role in promoting the germination of C. difficile spores or the inhibition of vegetative C. difficile cells.
“Bile salts play an important role in promoting the germination of C. difficile spores or the inhibition of vegetative C. difficile cells [51].”
From Role of the gut microbiota in nutrient competition and protection against intestinal pathogen colonization (2023) · cites this paper as [51]

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Retracted

Authors: Sorg, J. A., & Sonenshein, A. L.
Affiliations: Tufts University (US)
Corresponding author: Sonenshein, Abraham L.
ORCID: Sorg, Joseph A.
Sonenshein, Abraham L.
Venue: Journal of Bacteriology
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 2008-04
Volume: 190
Issue: 7
Pages: 2505-2512
ISSN: 0021-9193 (ISSN-L)
1098-5530
DOI: 10.1128/jb.01765-07
PMC: PMC2293200
OpenAlex: W2139566520
Cited by: 711
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 10.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Bacteriology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (n01ai30050-20-0-3, N01-AI-30050)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM042219, K12GM074869)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (N01 AI30050, N01 AI030050)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing
Keywords: Clostridium difficile, spore germination, bile salts, glycine, deoxycholate, nosocomial infections, gut microbiota, vegetative growth inhibition
MeSH terms: Bile Acids and Salts, Deoxycholic Acid, Glycine, Glycocholic Acid, Spores, Bacterial, Taurocholic Acid, Molecular Structure, Clostridioides difficile, Cholates

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Bile Salts and Glycine as Cogerminants for Clostridium difficile Spores

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