Antibiotic-Induced Alterations of the Gut Microbiota Alter Secondary Bile Acid Production and Allow for Clostridium difficile Spore Germination and Outgrowth in the Large Intestine
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Antibiotics alter the gastrointestinal microbiota, allowing for Clostridium difficile infection, which is a significant public health problem. Changes in the structure of the gut microbiota alter the metabolome, specifically the production of secondary bile acids. Specific bile acids are able to initiate C. difficile spore germination and also inhibit C. difficile growth in vitro , although no study to date has defined physiologically relevant bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we define the bile acids C. difficile spores encounter in the small and large intestines before and after various antibiotic treatments. Antibiotics that alter the gut microbiota and deplete secondary bile acid production allow C. difficile colonization, representing a mechanism of colonization resistance. Multiple secondary bile acids in the large intestine were able to inhibit C. difficile spore germination and growth at physiological concentrations and represent new targets to combat C. difficile in the large intestine.
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A healthy gut microbiota promotes colonization resistance against C. difficile through metabolism of bile acids to both reduce primary bile acids, which promote C. difficile spore germination, and increase secondary bile acids, which inhibit C. difficile vegetative growth.
“Therefore, a healthy gut microbiota promotes colonization resistance against C. difficile through metabolism of bile acids to both reduce primary bile acids, which promote C. difficile spore germination, and increase secondary bile acids, which inhibit C. difficile vegetative growth.”
From Role of the gut microbiota in nutrient competition and protection against intestinal pathogen colonization (2023) · cites this paper as [57]
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- Authors
- Theriot, C. M., Bowman, A. A., & Young, V. B.
- Affiliations
- North Carolina State University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Theriot, Casey M.
- Venue
- mSphere
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2016-02-25
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2379-5042 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4863611
- OpenAlex
- W2310948435
- Cited by
- 481
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 39.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- mSphere (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- HHS | National Institutes of Health (K01GM109236, U19AI090871)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- acids, Clostridium difficile infection, antibiotic-induced dysbiosis, gut microbiota, bile acid metabolomics, spore germination, spore outgrowth, colonization resistance, deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, broad-spectrum antibiotics, cefoperazone, clindamycin, vancomycin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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