Molecular physiology of bile acid signaling in health, disease, and aging
Open accessAbstract
Several diseases and conditions have been associated with an uncontrolled rise in bile acid (BA) concentrations. This is often the case when the tight feedback regulation of BA synthesis is compromised to the point that BAs become detrimental. BAs and their cognate receptors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G-protein receptor 5 (TGR5), however, exert many beneficial roles as they enable tissues to adapt to environmental, nutritional, and physiological cues. Over the last two decades, BA mimetics targeting FXR, TGR5, or both, have been proven to be efficacious in alleviating chronic metabolic and inflammatory disorders, such as obesity, Type 2 diabetes (T2D), atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). While several aspects of BA signaling are still poorly understood, the first therapeutics targeting FXR are making their way into the clinic to treat liver diseases, such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and NASH. Drugs targeting BA signaling may, hence, have a bright future and the continuing efforts on studying the impact of changing BA signaling pathways in humans will be beneficial to translate our emerging knowledge on BA physiology in model organisms into clinical benefits.
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Bile acids function as hormones via receptors such as FXR and TGR5, with significant regulatory and signaling activities.
“recent studies have also revealed their function as hormones via receptors such as farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), with significant regulatory and signaling activities (298).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [298]
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The membrane-bound bile acid receptor TGR5 is localized in the epithelium of human gallbladders #
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TGR5 signalling promotes mitochondrial fission and beige remodelling of white adipose tissue
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Self-citationThe G Protein-Coupled Bile Acid Receptor, TGR5, Stimulates Gallbladder Filling
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GALLSTONE DISSOLUTION IN MAN USING CHENODEOXYCHOLIC ACID
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Impaired negative feedback suppression of bile acid synthesis in mice lacking βKlotho
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Primary sclerosing cholangitis: Summary of a workshop
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Expression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 Is Required for Regulation of Biliary Cholesterol Secretion
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Gut-liver axis: Pathophysiological concepts and clinical implications
Tilg, H., Adolph, T. E., & Trauner, M. (2022) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.017 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
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Functions of Gut Microbiota Metabolites, Current Status and Future Perspectives
Liu, J., Tan, Y., Cheng, H., Zhang, D., Feng, W., & Peng, C. (2022) · Aging and disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2022.0104 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
“nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, [8, 22-25]”
BackgroundInfluentialGut–liver axis: barriers and functional circuits
Pabst, O., Hornef, M. W., Schaap, F. G., Cerovic, V., Clavel, T., & Bruns, T. (2023) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-023-00771-6 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
“FXR agonists are being evaluated in clinical trials for cholestatic and metabolic liver disorders 217,220 .”
BackgroundInfluentialSignalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Rusch, J. A., Layden, B. T., & Dugas, L. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1130689 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Gut liver brain axis in diseases: the implications for therapeutic interventions
Yan, M., Man, S., Sun, B., Ma, L., Guo, L., Huang, L., & Gao, W. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01673-4 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
“248,249 For example, gut dysbiosis causes secondary BAs shortage in patients with IBS and intensi fi es the pro-in fl ammatory mediators in the CNS, which can be reversed through the increase of secondary BAs activated by TGR5.”
BackgroundBile acid metabolism and signalling in liver disease
Fuchs, C. D., Simbrunner, B., Baumgartner, M., Campbell, C., Reiberger, T., & Trauner, M. (2024) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2024.09.032 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
The changing metabolic landscape of bile acids – keys to metabolism and immune regulation
Mohanty, I., Allaband, C., Mannochio-Russo, H., Abiead, Y. E., Hagey, L. R., Knight, R. D., & Dorrestein, P. C. (2024) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-024-00914-3 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“…has been discussed comprehensively in many reviews, that microbially modified bile acids can act as signalling molecules and activate host–ligand receptors, which regulates host health and metabolism in multiple ways 191,192 , including in conditions such as IBD, colitis and neurodegeneration (Fig.”
Metabolic Messengers: bile acids
Perino, A., & Schoonjans, K. (2022) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-022-00559-z · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citationHypothalamic bile acid-TGR5 signaling protects from obesity
Castellanos-Jankiewicz, A., Guzmán‐Quevedo, O., Fénelon, V. S., Zizzari, P., Quarta, C., Bellocchio, L., Tailleux, A., Charton, J., Fernandois, D., Henricsson, M., et al. (2021) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.04.009 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citationSasso, J. M., Ammar, R. M., Tenchov, R., Lemmel, S. A., Kelber, O., Grieswelle, M., & Zhou, Q. A. (2023) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00127 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Crosstalk between bile acid-activated receptors and microbiome in entero-hepatic inflammation
Thibaut, M. M., & Bindels, L. B. (2022) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2021.12.006 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Interactions between gut microbiota and polyphenols: A mechanistic and metabolomic review
Cheng, H., Zhang, D., Wu, J., Liu, J., Zhou, Y., Tan, Y., Feng, W., & Peng, C. Y. (2023) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154979 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
FXR in liver physiology: Multiple faces to regulate liver metabolism
Panzitt, K., & Wagner, M. (2021) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166133 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Central anorexigenic actions of bile acids are mediated by TGR5
Perino, A., Velázquez‐Villegas, L. A., Bresciani, N., Sun, Y., Huang, Q. D., Fénelon, V. S., Castellanos-Jankiewicz, A., Zizzari, P., Bruschetta, G., Jin, S., et al. (2021) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-021-00398-4 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“…transition between the fasting-feeding state and prime the switch toward satiety, unveiling a previously unrecognized physiological feedback mediated by BAs in the CNS. Primary BAs are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol and chemically transformed to secondary BAs by the gut microbiota 8 .”
Self-citationOsteoarthritis treatment via the GLP-1–mediated gut-joint axis targets intestinal FXR signaling
Yang, Y., Hao, C., Jiao, T., Yang, Z., Li, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Doherty, M., Sun, C., Yang, T., et al. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adt0548 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Bile Acids, Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction, and Related Diseases
Shi, L., Jin, L., & Huang, W. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12141888 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
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Self-citationHuang, L., Zheng, J., Sun, G., Yang, H., Sun, X., Yao, X., Lin, A., & Liu, H. (2022) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-022-04471-3 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“On the one hand, the hepatic FXR/SHP (Small heterodimer 5‑Aminosalicylic acid ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium‑induced colitis in mice by modulating… 1 3 Page 15 of 18 460 partner) signaling controls the expressions of Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 by negative feedback regulation.”
BackgroundInfluentialReich, M., Spomer, L., Klindt, C., Fuchs, K., Stindt, J., Deutschmann, K., Höhne, J., Liaskou, E., Hov, J. R., Karlsen, T. H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2021.03.029 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of bile acids in inflammatory liver diseases
Evangelakos, I., Heeren, J., Verkade, E., & Kuipers, F. (2021) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-021-00869-6 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Mechanism of action of the bile acid receptor TGR5 in obesity
Lun, W., Yan, Q., Guo, X., Zhou, M., Bai, Y., He, J., Cao, H., Che, Q., Guo, J., & Su, Z. (2023) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.011 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Their agonistic effect on TGR5 varies with the type of BA, and the order is LCA > DCA > CDCA > CA > UDCA 47,48 .”
BackgroundMechanisms of pruritus in cholestasis: understanding and treating the itch
Beuers, U. H., Wolters, F., & Elferink, R. P. J. O. (2022) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-022-00687-7 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The gut microbiome and dietary fibres: implications in obesity, cardiometabolic diseases and cancer
Delzenne, N. M., Bindels, L. B., Neyrinck, A. M., & Walter, J. (2024) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-024-01108-z · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Some of these BAs can induce apoptosis in cancer cells 62 .”
Influential(2025) · doi:10.1038/s41423-025-01313-7 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“However, data from mice with conditional knockout of TGR5 and FXR in immune cells revealed increased in fl ammation, suggesting that these bile acid-activated receptors have anti-in fl ammatory effects on the immune system [130, 133, 134].”
Austad, S. N., Ballinger, S. W., Buford, T. W., Carter, C. S., Smith, D. L., Darley-Usmar, V. M., & Zhang, J. (2021) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2021.06.014 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Signaling pathways and intervention for therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Cao, R. Y., Tian, H., Zhang, Y., Liu, G., Xu, H., Rao, G., Tian, Y., & Fu, X. (2023) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.283 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The functions of gut microbiota-mediated bile acid metabolism in intestinal immunity
He, Y., Shaoyong, W., Chen, Y., Li, M., Gan, Y., Sun, L., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., & Jin, M. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2025.05.015 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Specifically, FXR and TGR5 are activated at nonpathological concentrations, whereas PXR and CAR are also stimulated by BAs, but at higher concentrations [67].”
Recent advances on FXR-targeting therapeutics
Panzitt, K., Zollner, G., Marschall, H., & Wagner, M. (2022) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2022.111678 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“FXR activation also detoxifies hydrophobic bile acids via stimulation of phase 1 hydroxylating and phase 2 conjugating enzymes [6, 7].”
BackgroundDietary compounds in modulation of gut microbiota-derived metabolites
Feng, W., Liu, J., Cheng, H., Zhang, D., Tan, Y., & Peng, C. Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.939571 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Bile acids and neurological disease
Hurley, M. J., Bates, R., Macnaughtan, J., & Schapira, A. H. V. (2022) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108311 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
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Gut microbiota and microbial metabolites for osteoporosis
Zheng, X.-Q., Wang, D.-B., Jiang, Y., & Song, C. (2024) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2024.2437247 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Carotenoids Diet: Digestion, Gut Microbiota Modulation, and Inflammatory Diseases
Rocha, H. R., Coelho, M. C., Gomes, A., & Pintado, M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15102265 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Thompson, R. S., Gaffney, M., Hopkins, S., Kelley, T., González, A., Bowers, S. J., Vitaterna, M. H., Turek, F. W., Foxx, C. L., Lowry, C. A., et al. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.006 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Molecular Pathogenesis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy
Xiao, J., Li, Z., Song, Y., Sun, Y., Shi, H., Chen, D., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1155/2021/6679322 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Bile acids (BAs) are cholesterol-derived molecules produced by the liver that exert hormone-like metabolic effects by binding to the nuclear farnesoid X receptors (FXRs) and the membrane-bound Takeda G protein-coupled receptors 5 (TGR5) [6, 7].”
Effects of bile acids on the growth, composition and metabolism of gut bacteria
Peng, Y.-L., Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Chen, M., He, K., Li, Q., Huang, W., & Zhang, W. (2024) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-024-00566-w · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Proteobacteria (8) and Verrucomicrobia (1) appeared to remain unaffected by BAs, whereas Firmicutes (34), Fusobacteria (1), Actinobacteria(7),andBacteroidetes(12)exhibitedsigni fi cantinhibitionin thepresenceofBAs(Fig.1E).”
BackgroundUnraveling the Role of the Human Gut Microbiome in Health and Diseases
Khalil, M., Ciaula, A. D., Mahdi, L., Jaber, N., Palo, D. M. D., Graziani, A., Baffy, G., & Portincasa, P. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12112333 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“Other nuclear receptors include the vitamin D3 receptor (VDR), pregnane X receptor/steroid and xenobiotic-sensing receptor (PXR/SXR), constitutive androstane receptor, sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2, formyl-peptide receptor, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor [78].”
Han, B., Li, J., Li, S., Liú, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130082 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The Roles of Lipid Metabolism in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Diseases in the Elderly
Song, R., Hu, M., Qin, X., Qiu, L., Wang, P., Zhang, X., Liu, R., & Wang, X. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15153433 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Although the changes varied depending on certain factors such as gender, BA levels showed a consistent decrease with age [10].”
BackgroundGu, F., Zhu, S., Tang, Y., Liu, X., Jia, M., Malmuthuge, N., Valencak, T. G., McFadden, J. W., Liu, J., & Sun, H. (2023) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-023-01492-3 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“As a signaling molecule, increasing studies reported that BAs play important roles in the metabolism and immunity of human beings [19] or animals [20]; however, limited information was observed in dairy cows.”
BackgroundXiao, Y., Feng, Y., Zhao, J., Chen, W., & Lu, W. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.005 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Anti-infective bile acids bind and inactivate a Salmonella virulence regulator
Yang, X., Stein, K. R., & Hang, H. C. (2022) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/s41589-022-01122-3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Wang, T., Tao, S., Wu, Y., An, T., Lv, B., Liu, J.-X., Liu, Y.-T., & Jiang, G. (2022) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.00329-22 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Best, L., Dost, T., Esser, D., Flor, S., Gamarra, A. M., Haase, M., Kadibalban, A. S., Marinos, G., Walker, A., Zimmermann, J., et al. (2025) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-025-01959-z · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Within this dataset, we specifically annotated bile acids using reference standards because of their previously documented role in host aging 39 .”
The Role of Nuclear Receptors in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Yang, Z., Danzeng, A., Liu, Q., Zeng, C., Xu, L., Mo, J., Ciren, P., Wang, X., Wang, C., Zhang, B., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.87305 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“FXR, the primary controller of BA synthesis[139], is predominantly expressed in the liver and intestines, with lower levels found in the kidneys, adipose tissue, and adrenal glands[140, 141].”
BackgroundZhao, M., Jiafeng, Z., Yang, H., Ouyang, Z., Lv, C., Geng, Z., & Zhao, J. (2025) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118182 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
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Repairing gut barrier by traditional Chinese medicine: roles of gut microbiota
Zhou, Y., Zhang, D., Cheng, H., Wu, J., Liu, J., Feng, W., & Peng, C. Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1389925 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Moreover, BAs are involved in correcting abnormal insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, while also serving as signaling molecules that facilitate inter-tissue communication between the liver and other organs (Perino et al., 2021).”
BackgroundThe roles of gut microbiota and its metabolites in diabetic nephropathy
Zhao, H., Yang, C.-E., Liu, T., Zhang, M., Niu, Y., Wang, M., & Yu, J. Q. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1207132 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Bile acids (BAs), major component of bile, are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and transported to intestine (Perino et al., 2021).”
BackgroundThe gut microbiota–bile acid–TGR5 axis orchestrates platelet activation and atherothrombosis
Qi, Z., Zhang, W., Zhang, P., Qu, Y., Zhong, H., Zhou, L., Zhou, W., Yang, W., Xu, H., Zhao, X., et al. (2025) · Nature Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1038/s44161-025-00637-x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Interestingly, in women with PCOS, who face increased cardiovascular risks 53 , B. vulgatus was elevated and positively correlated with serum DCA levels.”
InfluentialProduction of New Microbially Conjugated Bile Acids by Human Gut Microbiota
García, C. J., Kosek, V., Beltrán, D., Tomás-Barberán, F. A., & Hajšlová, J. (2022) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12050687 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“In addition, there is a very close health relationship with their functionality as signaling molecules interacting at specific cellular receptors [46].”
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“Bile acids are required for the emulsification of lipids, glucose metabolism, host defense, and immune homeostasis (28).”
BackgroundLi, Z., Yuan, H., Chu, H., & Yang, L. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11082059 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“In addition to bile acids, some steroid hormone intermediates, such as pregnandiol, are also the ligands of TGR5 [68].”
BackgroundBile acid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Sandoval, M. C., & Haeusler, R. A. (2025) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-024-01067-8 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Bile acid metabolism regulatory network orchestrates bone homeostasis.
Xiang, T.-W., Deng, Z.-H., Yang, C., Tan, J.-L., Dou, C., Luo, F., & Chen, Y.-Q. (2023) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106943 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Nevens, F., Trauner, M. A., & Manns, M. P. (2022) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2022.10.007 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Circulating Bile Acids as Biomarkers for Disease Diagnosis and Prevention
Li, Q., & Chen, Y. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac659 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Sex, puberty, and the gut microbiome
Sisk-Hackworth, L., Kelley, S. T., & Thackray, V. G. (2022) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-22-0303 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Bile acids are important for emulsifying fats during digestion and as signaling molecules in glucose and lipid metabolism (Perino et al. 2021).”
BackgroundGudan, A., Kozłowska‐Petriczko, K., Wunsch, E., Bodnarczuk, T., & Stachowska, E. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15061323 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“In addition, they play an important role in the formation and functioning of the intestinal microbiome [76].”
BackgroundBile acid metabolism in health and ageing-related diseases
Li, X., Fang, C., Zhao, R., Zou, L., Miao, H., & Zhao, Y. (2024) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116313 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Zangerolamo, L., Carvalho, M. U. W. B. D., & Barbosa, H. C. L. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26146547 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Jing, Y., He, J., Dong, R., Li, T., Li, F., Zheng, X., Liu, G., Jia, R., Xu, J., et al. (2025) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2025.02.003 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Probiotics for the treatment of hyperlipidemia: Focus on gut-liver axis and lipid metabolism
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Redox‐Dependent Effects in the Physiopathological Role of Bile Acids
Orozco-Aguilar, J., Simón, F., & Cabello‐Verrugio, C. (2021) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2021/4847941 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Further, BA have endocrine/metabolic functions, regulating their synthesis, transport, and detoxification; mediating the cellular energetics and lipid and glucose homeostasis; and modulating the intestinal microbiota [7, 13, 14, 16, 17].”
BackgroundLin, X., Xia, L., Zhou, Y., Xie, J., Tuo, Q., Lin, L., & Liao, D. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26094240 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Recent advances in age-related metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
He, Q.-J., Li, Y., Zhao, L.-T., Lin, C.-T., Yu, C., & Wang, D. (2024) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v30.i7.652 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“These pathways encompass BA self-regulation, glucose and lipid metabolism, energy modulation, cell proliferation, detoxification, and immune regulation [30].”
Modulation of Bile Acid Metabolism to Improve Plasma Lipid and Lipoprotein Profiles
Zhang, B., Kuipers, F., de Boer, J. F., & Kuivenhoven, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11010004 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The Role of Gut Microbiota-Bile Acids Axis in the Progression of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Ni, Y., Lu, M., Xu, Y., Wang, Q., Gu, X., Li, Y., Zhuang, T., Xia, C., Zhang, T., Gou, X., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.908011 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Zhang, B., Sun, Z., Yu, Z., Li, H., Luo, H., & Wang, B. (2022) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111941 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Wei, D., Li, Y., Che, M., Li, C., Wu, Q., & Sun, C. (2022) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-022-04412-0 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Moreover, as a common observation in human and rodent models, the pattern of BAs in aged individuals is significantly different from the young [30, 31].”
BackgroundTobón‐Cornejo, S., Sánchez‐Tapia, M., Guizar-Heredia, R., Villegas, L. V., Noriega, L. G., Furuzawa‐Carballeda, J., Hernández‐Pando, R., Vázquez-Manjarrez, N., Granados‐Portillo, O., López‐Barradas, A. M., et al. (2025) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2025.2465896 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“28 We performed studies in isolated pancreatic islets, and in agreement with the negative results of previous studies, secondary bile acids alone were not able to increase glucagon secretion.”
Role of the Gut Microbiome in Skeletal Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology
Lefevre, C., & Bindels, L. B. (2022) · Current Osteoporosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11914-022-00752-9 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Molecular regulation of the hepatic bile acid uptake transporter and HBV entry receptor NTCP
Appelman, M. D., Wettengel, J. M., Protzer, U., Elferink, R. P. J. O., & van de Graaf, S. F. J. (2021) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158960 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Post-Translational Modifications of FXR; Implications for Cholestasis and Obesity-Related Disorders
Appelman, M. D., van der Veen, S. W., & van Mil, S. W. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.729828 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Qin, T., Hasnat, M., Wang, Z., Hassan, H. M., Zhou, Y., Yuan, Z., & Zhang, W. (2023) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154971 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Wang, S.-D., Yin, J., Liu, Z., Liu, X., Tian, G., Xin, X., Qin, Y., & Feng, X.-J. (2024) · Life Science · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123211 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Matacchione, G., Piacenza, F., Pimpini, L., Rosati, Y., & Marcozzi, S. (2024) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-024-01786-9 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Li, X., Chen, W., Jia, Z., Xiao, Y., Shi, A., & Ma, X. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26094256 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“At the cholestatic level, the effects of UDCA, which is external to CDCA, and LCA inhibit ETC. Recent studies have shown that BA reduces VLDL secretion and serum TG and counteracts hepatic steatosis in a hypertriglyceridemic mouse model [151].”
Intestinal barrier in chronic gut and liver diseases: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets
Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Liang, X., Wen, Y., Zhao, J., He, Y., Xie, Q., & Xie, C. (2025) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2025.08.028 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“BAs serve as a crucial mediator in host-microbiota communication and the regulation of gut microbiome composition 163 .”
Research Progress of Takeda G Protein-Coupled Receptor 5 in Metabolic Syndrome
Gou, X., Qin, L., Wu, D., Xie, J. W., Lu, Y., Zhang, Q., & He, Y. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28155870 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“BAs have been acknowledged as metabolic messengers that could regulate their own metabolism and immune system by targeting FXR and TGR5 [27,28].”
BackgroundInfluentialLu, Y., Yuan, H., Liang, S., Li, D., Jiang, P., Wang, X., Zhang, K., & Liu, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1603658 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Their metabolism involves enterohepatic circulation with microbiota-mediated dehydroxylation and conjugation, generating ligands for both nuclear receptors and GPCRs (20, 21).”
Gut-muscle axis and sepsis-induced myopathy: The potential role of gut microbiota
Liu, Y., Xu, L., Yang, Z., Wang, D., Li, T., Yang, F., Li, Z., Bai, X., & Wang, Y.-C. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114837 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Integrative systems analysis identifies genetic and dietary modulators of bile acid homeostasis
Li, H., Perino, A., Huang, Q. D., von Alvensleben, G., Banaei‐Esfahani, A., Velázquez‐Villegas, L. A., Gariani, K., Korbelius, M., Sleiman, M. S. B., Imbach, J., et al. (2022) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2022.08.015 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationConjugated bile acids are nutritionally re-programmable antihypertensive metabolites
Chakraborty, S., Lulla, A., Cheng, X., Yeo, J., Mandal, J., Yang, T., Mei, X., Saha, P., Golonka, R. M., Yeoh, B. S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003423 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“While alterations in bile acids are known to occur in a variety of illnesses [5,7,9,21,47], here, we identified”
BackgroundStanimirov, B., Đanić, M., Pavlović, N., Zaklan, D., Lazarević, S., Mikov, M., & Stankov, K. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262412167 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Chen, N., Chan, C. K., Khan, F. U., Makhijani, P., Valentino, T. R., Winer, S., Luk, C. T., & Winer, D. A. (2026) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2026.103036 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
[Retracted] A Review of Bile Acid Metabolism and Signaling in Cognitive Dysfunction‐Related Diseases
Weng, Z.-B., Chen, Y.-R., Lv, J.-T., Wang, M.-X., Chen, Z.-Y., Zhou, W., Shen, X.-C., Zhan, L.-B., & Wang, F. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/4289383 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
RetractedZou, Y., JiZe, X.-P., Li, C., Zhang, C., Fu, Y., Yin, Z., Li, Y., Song, X., Li, L., Zhao, X., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1159291 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Similarly, aging-induced decreases in the metabolic and detoxification functions of the liver affect the intestinal tract through bile acids (13, 14).”
BackgroundAging‐associated atrial fibrillation: A comprehensive review focusing on the potential mechanisms
Wang, M., Hou, C., Jia, F., Zhong, C., Xue, C., & Li, J. (2024) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.14309 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Although the nature of these changes varies according to many factors, aging is primarily associated with decreased BA levels (Perino et al., 2020 ).”
BackgroundInterkingdom signaling between gastrointestinal hormones and the gut microbiome
Zhao, X., Qiu, Y., Liang, L., & Fu, X. (2025) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2025.2456592 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Guan, Y., Xie, C., Zhang, R., Zhang, Z., Tian, Z., Feng, J., Shen, X., Li, H., Chang, S., Zhao, C., et al. (2023) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d3fo01308a · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Zhu, Z., Xu, Y., Xia, Y., Jia, X., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, L., Chai, H., & Sun, L. (2023) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122304 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Garcia-Mansilla, M. J., Rodríguez‐Sojo, M. J., Lista, A. R., Mosqueda, C. V. A., Ruiz‐Malagón, A. J., Gálvez, J., Rodríguez‐Nogales, A., & Rodríguez, M. J. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17010155 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“BAs participate in the endocrine and paracrine functions, regulating lipid and glucose metabolism and modulating temperature and energy homeostasis [134,135].”
Regulation of autophagy by bile acids and in cholestasis - CholestoPHAGY or CholeSTOPagy
Panzitt, K., Fickert, P., & Wagner, M. (2020) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166017 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Liver-derived metabolites as signaling molecules in fatty liver disease
Keles, U., Ow, J. R., Kuentzel, K. B., Zhao, L. N., & Kaldis, P. (2022) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-022-04658-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Since bile acids are released from hepatocytes in the conjugated form and 95% of the conjugated bile acids are absorbed from the ileum [120] (Fig.”
BackgroundLuo, W., Guo, S., Zhou, Y., Zhu, J., Zhao, J., Wang, M., Sang, L.-X., Wang, B., & Chang, B. (2022) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.2022.5407 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“important is the bile salt export pump [BSEP/ATP binding cassette (ABC) subfamily B member 11] (12,13).”
BackgroundLeonhardt, J., Dorresteijn, M. J., Neugebauer, S., Mihaylov, D., Kunze, J., Rubio, I., Hohberger, F.-S., Leonhardt, S., Kiehntopf, M., Stahl, K., et al. (2023) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-023-04620-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Perino, A., Demagny, H., Velazquez-Villegas, L., & Schoonjans, K.
- Affiliations
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
- Corresponding author
- Schoonjans, Kristina
- Venue
- Physiological Reviews
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2021-04-01
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 683-731
- ISSN
- 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1210
- OpenAlex
- W3049538451
- Semantic Scholar
- ac984cc621dda83f96fef5a2d516f7da8fd1147d
- Cited by
- 481
- References
- 485
- Citations by year
- 2026: 112 · 2025: 96 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 4.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- infoscience.epfl.ch
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Physiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
- Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Foundation
- Marie Curie Fellowship
- Swiss National Science Foundation
- AXA Research Fund
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- bile acid signaling, farnesoid X receptor, TGR5, bile acid receptors, obesity, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, aging, metabolic disorders, inflammatory diseases
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Aging, Animals, Bile Acids and Salts, Bile Duct Diseases, Humans, Liver, Gastrointestinal Tract
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