Rhythms for cognition: communication through coherence
Open accessAbstract
I propose that synchronization affects communication between neuronal groups. Gamma-band (30-90 Hz) synchronization modulates excitation rapidly enough so it escapes the following inhibition and activates postsynaptic neurons effectively. Synchronization also ensures that a presynaptic activation pattern arrives at postsynaptic neurons in a temporally coordinated manner. At a postsynaptic neuron, multiple presynaptic groups converge, e.g. representing different stimuli. If a stimulus is selected by attention, its neuronal representation shows stronger and higher-frequency gamma-band synchronization. Thereby, the attended stimulus representation selectively entrains postsynaptic neurons. The entrainment creates sequences of short excitation and longer inhibition that are coordinated between pre- and postsynaptic groups to transmit the attended representation and shut out competing inputs. The predominantly bottom-up directed gamma-band influences are controlled by predominantly top-down directed alpha-beta band (8-20 Hz) influences. Attention itself samples stimuli at a 7-8 Hz theta rhythm. Thus, several rhythms and their interplay render neuronal communication effective, precise and selective.
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Mammalian consciousness is generally correlated with a combination of lower harmonic frequencies as well as gamma.
“but mammalian consciousness is generally correlated with a combination of lower harmonic frequencies as well as gamma (Fries, 2015).”
From The Easy Part of the Hard Problem: A Resonance Theory of Consciousness (2019) · cites this paper as Fries, 2015
The section “Theta-rhythmic gamma-band synchronization implements attentional sampling” (page unavailable) describes theta-rhythmic resetting of gamma synchronization, so the paper does discuss a lower-frequency rhythm interacting with gamma. It relates that interaction to attention, however, not to a general correlation with mammalian consciousness; the claimed consciousness link is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMany brain regions exhibit population activity where only a fraction of neurons are active simultaneously, with spike timing locked to ongoing oscillatory rhythms.
“Many brain regions exhibit population activity where only of neurons are active simultaneously, with spike timing locked to ongoing oscillatory rhythms (Fries 2015; Olshausen and Field 2004).”
From The myth of the Bayesian brain (2025) · cites this paper as Fries 2015
The section “Gamma-band coherence renders communication precise” (page unavailable) describes spikes synchronized to a phase of the gamma cycle, supporting the rhythm-locked spike-timing part of the claim. It says communication occurs during a small fraction of the *cycle*, not that only a fraction of *neurons* are active simultaneously across many brain regions. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredActual neural activity is highly sparse and temporally structured.
“In contrast, empirical evidence suggests that actual neural activity is highly sparse and temporally structured.”
From The myth of the Bayesian brain (2025) · cites this paper as Fries 2015
The sections on gamma-band coherence describe temporally focused excitation and inhibition, with spikes occurring at particular phases of the gamma cycle. That supports the temporal-structure part of the claim, but the passages do not establish that neural activity is highly sparse. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn mammalian brains, a specific combination of gamma, beta and theta electrical synchrony is one possible neural correlate of consciousness.
“One of the possible “neural correlates of consciousness” in mammalian brains is a specific combination of gamma, beta and theta electrical synchrony.”
From The Easy Part of the Hard Problem: A Resonance Theory of Consciousness (2019) · cites this paper as Fries, 2015
The section “Theta-rhythmic gamma-band synchronization implements attentional sampling” (page unavailable) links beta, gamma, and theta rhythms to attentional influences, selective communication, and attentional sampling. It does not identify their combination as a neural correlate of consciousness in mammalian brains; that is the unsupported part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredShared resonance leads to increased and faster energy and information flows in any set of oscillating structures, such as neurons.
“In any set of oscillating structures, such as neurons, shared resonance (sync) leads to increased and faster energy/information flows (the blue arrows) because energy/information flows work together, in “sync,” and are thus amplified (coherent) rather than being “out of sync” (incoherent).”
From The Easy Part of the Hard Problem: A Resonance Theory of Consciousness (2019) · cites this paper as Fries, 2015
In “The essence of CTC” (page not provided), the paper says coherence between neuronal groups enhances effective connectivity and makes communication selective. It does not extend this principle to any set of oscillating structures or claim that synchronization increases energy flow or makes information flow faster. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
As the area of shared gamma synchrony moves around the brain, supported by slower frequency waves, it absorbs new neurons into the same resonance frequency; as it moves away, it allows neurons to return to their previous state of resonance.
“as the area of shared gamma synchrony (what Hameroff, 2010 calls “the conscious pilot”) moves around the brain, supported by other slower frequency waves (Fries, 2015), it absorbs new neurons into the same resonance frequency; and as it moves away from certain neurons it allows them return to their previous state of resonance corresponding to a more localized pattern.”
From The Easy Part of the Hard Problem: A Resonance Theory of Consciousness (2019) · cites this paper as Fries, 2015
The Conclusions (page unavailable) propose that theta-paced attention and alpha-beta top-down influences shape local gamma rhythms, and that one gamma rhythm can entrain postsynaptic groups until the end of a theta cycle. This supports the role of slower rhythms, but the paper presents a proposed scenario, not an established area of shared gamma synchrony moving around the brain, recruiting neurons, and then restoring their previous resonance. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFor mammalian consciousness, there is good data to support that a shared electrical resonance at various frequencies is generally the proximate cause of combination.
“Confining our consideration for now to mammalian consciousness, we have good data to support the suggestion that it is a shared electrical resonance (at various frequencies) that is generally the proximate cause of combination, as discussed above (Fries, 2005, 2015).”
From The Easy Part of the Hard Problem: A Resonance Theory of Consciousness (2019) · cites this paper as Fries, 2015
In “The essence of CTC” (page unavailable), Fries describes experimental support for rhythmic coherence as a mechanism of effective communication between neuronal groups. That supports the claim’s coherence mechanism, but the passages do not establish that it is generally the proximate cause of combination in mammalian consciousness. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe results suggest that modulation of interareal synchronization at distinct frequencies is a central mechanism in communicating specific predicted versus unpredicted information.
“They suggest that modulation of interareal synchronization at distinct frequencies is a central mechanism in communicating specific (predicted vs. unpredicted) information (65–68).”
From Layer and rhythm specificity for predictive routing (2020) · cites this paper as [65]
The Abstract and the section ‘Top-down influences are mediated by alpha-beta-band rhythms’ describe synchronization at different frequencies as a mechanism for selective communication between brain areas. They distinguish predominantly bottom-up gamma influences from top-down alpha-beta influences, but do not identify these as communicating predicted versus unpredicted information. The paper therefore supports the general mechanism, not that specific distinction. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBrain oscillations with a shared frequency synchronize membrane potential depolarization and hyperpolarization across extended neuronal networks, thereby achieving precise temporal synchronization of distributed neuronal reactivations.
“This is generally achieved by brain oscillations that, with a shared frequency, synchronize membrane potential depolarization and hyperpolarization across extended neuronal networks.159,160”
From Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation (2023) · cites this paper as [160]
In the Abstract and Conclusions (pages unavailable), Fries describes rhythmic excitation and inhibition coordinated between pre- and postsynaptic groups, producing precisely timed neuronal communication. The paper supports coordination between connected groups, but does not establish synchronized membrane-potential depolarization and hyperpolarization across extended networks generally, or specifically describe distributed neuronal reactivations. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSelective communication is implemented through selective coherence.
“Thereby, selective communication is implemented through selective coherence.”
From The Easy Part of the Hard Problem: A Resonance Theory of Consciousness (2019) · cites this paper as Fries, 2015
Top-down attentional influences are mediated by beta-band synchronization; selective communication of the attended stimulus is implemented by gamma-band synchronization; and gamma is rhythmically reset by a 4 Hz theta rhythm.
“The experimental evidence presented and the considerations discussed so far suggest that top–down attentional influences are mediated by beta-band synchronization, that the selective communication of the attended stimulus is implemented by gamma-band synchronization, and that gamma is rhythmically reset by a 4 Hz theta rhythm.”
From The Easy Part of the Hard Problem: A Resonance Theory of Consciousness (2019) · cites this paper as Fries, 2015
In the absence of coherence, inputs arrive at random phases of the excitability cycle and have lower effective connectivity.
“In the absence of coherence, inputs arrive at random phases of the excitability cycle and will have a lower effective connectivity.”
From The Easy Part of the Hard Problem: A Resonance Theory of Consciousness (2019) · cites this paper as Fries, 2015
A postsynaptic neuronal group receiving inputs from several presynaptic groups responds primarily to the presynaptic group to which it is coherent.
“A postsynaptic neuronal group receiving inputs from several different presynaptic groups responds primarily to the presynaptic group to which it is coherent.”
From The Easy Part of the Hard Problem: A Resonance Theory of Consciousness (2019) · cites this paper as Fries, 2015
Fries's CTC model holds that strong effective connectivity requires rhythmic synchronization within pre- and postsynaptic groups and coherence between them; communication requires coherence.
“[S]trong effective connectivity requires rhythmic synchronization within pre- and postsynaptic groups and coherence between them, or in short—communication requires coherence.”
From The Easy Part of the Hard Problem: A Resonance Theory of Consciousness (2019) · cites this paper as Fries, 2015
Coherence allows for entrainment of certain neurons to the dominant resonance frequency.
“Coherence also allows for entrainment of certain neurons to the dominant resonance frequency (id.):”
From The Easy Part of the Hard Problem: A Resonance Theory of Consciousness (2019) · cites this paper as Fries, 2015
IWMT specifically proposes that synchronous complexes promote communication through coherence.
“IWMT specifically proposes that these synchronous complexes promote “communication through coherence” (Hebb, 1949; Dehaene, 2014; Fries, 2015; Deco and Kringelbach, 2016; Hahn et al., 2019).”
From An Integrated World Modeling Theory (IWMT) of Consciousness (2020) · cites this paper as Fries, 2015
Time-resolved analyses of functional neuroimaging can identify time-sensitive shifts in inter-areal synchrony, a proposed mechanism for communication between distant brain regions.
“These experiments provide a sensitive method for non-invasively identifying time-sensitive shifts in inter-areal synchrony, which has been proposed as a key mechanism for effective communication between distant neural regions (Fries, 2015; Varela et al., 2001).”
From The Dynamics of Functional Brain Networks: Integrated Network States during Cognitive Task Performance (2016) · cites this paper as Fries, 2015
A CA1 network which has evolved a predisposition to oscillate at theta and gamma frequencies may enable more efficient processing of the phasic input it receives in vivo.
“a CA1 network which has evolved a predisposition to oscillate at theta and gamma frequencies may enable more efficient processing of the phasic input it receives in vivo (Akam and Kullmann, 2012; Fries, 2015).”
From Interneuronal mechanisms of hippocampal theta oscillations in a full-scale model of the rodent CA1 circuit (2016) · cites this paper as Fries, 2015
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Synchrony Makes Neurons Fire in Sequence, and Stimulus Properties Determine Who Is Ahead
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Cholinergic neuromodulation controls directed temporal communication in neocortex in vitro
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REBUS and the anarchic brain: Toward a unified model of the brain action of psychedelics
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Where Does EEG Come From and What Does It Mean?
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Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation
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Layer and rhythm specificity for predictive routing
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“They suggest that modulation of interareal synchronization at distinct frequencies is a central mechanism in communicating specific (predicted vs. unpredicted) information (65 – 68).”
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<scp>EEG</scp> power spectral measures of cognitive workload: A meta‐analysis
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Bidirectional prefrontal-hippocampal dynamics organize information transfer during sleep in humans
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Top-Down Beta Enhances Bottom-Up Gamma
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Portraits of communication in neuronal networks
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“The DMN and its imaginative capacities (Beaty et al., 2014, 2015, 2018; Hassabis et al., 2014) may instantiate this kind of (informational) creative dynamo, constituting sources of strongly internally coherent predictions, thus being capable of temporarily absorbing and then releasing free energy…”
BackgroundNeuronal message passing using mean-field, bethe, and marginal approximations
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The Easy Part of the Hard Problem: A Resonance Theory of Consciousness
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Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders: From focal brain targets to cognitive networks
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Cortical layers, rhythms and BOLD signals
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Self-citationBinding by random bursts: a computational model of cognitive control
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The neurocognitive correlates of brain entropy estimated by resting state fMRI
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Cognition as a Window into Neuronal Population Space
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In vivo ephaptic coupling allows memory network formation
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Spindle activity orchestrates plasticity during development and sleep
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Adolescent development of cortical oscillations: Power, phase, and support of cognitive maturation
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Large-scale, closed-loop interrogation of neural circuits underlying cognition.
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The myth of the Bayesian brain
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Analog Cognition and Consciousness
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- Authors
- Fries, P.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Fries, Pascal
- ORCID
- Fries, Pascal
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-10
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 220-235
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4605134
- OpenAlex
- W1902335101
- Semantic Scholar
- e9c2040324f1badfa6548c4397ad34d14195392d
- Cited by
- 2,725
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 334 · 2025: 297 · 2024: 286 · 2023: 271 · 2022: 279 · 2021: 295 · 2020: 268 · 2019: 250 · 2018: 198 · 2017: 148 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 14.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-15-CE32-0016)
- National Institutes of Health (5u54mh091657-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (1U54 MH091657, U54-MH091657)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Keywords
- neuronal synchronization, gamma oscillations, alpha and beta oscillations, theta oscillations, attention, neural communication, postsynaptic excitation, inhibition, entrainment, top-down control, bottom-up processing, cognitive rhythms
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Cognition, Cortical Synchronization, Electroencephalography, Humans, Synaptic Transmission, Neurons, Theta Rhythm
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