Mitochondrial retrograde signaling

Liu, Zhengchang; Butow, Ronald A.

doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.40.110405.090613

Cited by 680Mitochondrial Function and PathologyFungal and yeast genetics researchAutophagy in Disease and Therapy

Mitochondrial retrograde signaling

Liu, Zhengchang, Butow, Ronald A.·2006·Annual Review of Genetics

DOI 10.1146/annurev.genet.40.110405.090613

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Abstract

Mitochondrial retrograde signaling is a pathway of communication from mitochondria to the nucleus under normal and pathophysiological conditions. The best understood of such pathways is retrograde signaling in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It involves multiple factors that sense and transmit mitochondrial signals to effect changes in nuclear gene expression; these changes lead to a reconfiguration of metabolism to accommodate cells to defects in mitochondria. Analysis of regulatory factors has provided us with a mechanistic view of regulation of retrograde signaling. Here we review advances in the yeast retrograde signaling pathway and highlight its regulatory factors and regulatory mechanisms, its physiological functions, and its connection to nutrient sensing, TOR signaling, and aging.

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The retrograde (Rtg) signaling pathway was first described in S. cerevisiae, where it coordinates nuclear and mitochondrial gene expression.
“The retrograde (Rtg) signaling pathway was first described in model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where it is responsible for the function of coordinating nuclear and mitochondrial gene expression”
From Mitochondrial retrograde control of transcription evolves with respiratory stress, metabolic adaptation, and virulence in budding yeasts (2026) · cites this paper as Liu and Butow 2006
The main regulatory proteins Rtg2 and Mks1 do not have orthologs in C. albicans.
“The main regulatory proteins Rtg2 and Mks1 do not have orthologs in C. albicans”
From Mitochondrial retrograde control of transcription evolves with respiratory stress, metabolic adaptation, and virulence in budding yeasts (2026) · cites this paper as Liu and Butow 2006
Target genes upregulated by the S. cerevisiae Rtg pathway share a common motif in their promoters (the R-box: GTCAC) and include the genes encoding the first four enzymes of the TCA cycle (CIT1, ACO1, IDH1, and IDH2), as well as the peroxisomal citrate synthase gene CIT2.
“The target genes upregulated by the S. cerevisiae Rtg pathway share a common motif in their promoters (the R-box: GTCAC) and include the genes encoding the first four enzymes of the TCA cycle (CIT1, ACO1, IDH1, and IDH2), as well as the peroxisomal citrate synthase gene CIT2”
From Mitochondrial retrograde control of transcription evolves with respiratory stress, metabolic adaptation, and virulence in budding yeasts (2026) · cites this paper as Liu and Butow 2006
In S. cerevisiae, the Rtg transcription factors were known as the model and best understood example of retrograde mitonuclear signaling.
“Whereas in S. cerevisiae the Rtg transcription factors were known as the model and best understood example of the retrograde mitonuclear signaling (Butow and Avadhani 2004; Liu and Butow 2006)”
From Mitochondrial retrograde control of transcription evolves with respiratory stress, metabolic adaptation, and virulence in budding yeasts (2026) · cites this paper as Liu and Butow 2006
Rtg2 is well conserved and appears to be ancestral in budding yeasts and is also present in some other lineages of Ascomycota.
“Rtg2 is well conserved and appears to be ancestral in budding yeasts and is also present in some other lineages of Ascomycota, confirming earlier observations (Liu and Butow 2006).”
From Mitochondrial retrograde control of transcription evolves with respiratory stress, metabolic adaptation, and virulence in budding yeasts (2026) · cites this paper as Liu and Butow 2006

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Mitochondrial retrograde control of transcription evolves with respiratory stress, metabolic adaptation, and virulence in budding yeasts
Łabędzka-Dmoch, K., Bui, T. H. D., Piątkowski, J., Dilling, M., Jagiełło, P., Kabza, W., & Golik, P. (2026) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msag005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Authors: Liu, Z., & Butow, R. A.
Affiliations: The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
ORCID: Liu, Zhengchang
Venue: Annual Review of Genetics
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2006-12-01
Volume: 40
Issue: 1
Pages: 159-185
ISSN: 0066-4197 (ISSN-L)
1545-2948
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genet.40.110405.090613
OpenAlex: W2158475521
Cited by: 680
References: 9
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 55
FWCI: 2.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Genetics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM-33510, GM22525)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
Keywords: mitochondrial retrograde signaling, mitochondrial-nuclear communication, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, nuclear gene expression regulation, mitochondrial metabolism, nutrient sensing, TOR signaling, aging, mitochondrial dysfunction
MeSH terms: Cell Nucleus, DNA, Mitochondrial, Mitochondria, Models, Biological, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Transcription, Genetic, Signal Transduction, Cellular Senescence, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Metabolic Networks and Pathways

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Mitochondrial retrograde signaling

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