Cited by 747Criminal Justice and Corrections AnalysisCriminal Justice and PenologyIntergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies

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Incarceration and Stratification

Wakefield, Sara, Uggen, Christopher·2010·Annual Review of Sociology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102551

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Abstract

In the past three decades, incarceration has become an increasingly powerful force for reproducing and reinforcing social inequalities. A new wave of sociological research details the contemporary experiment with mass incarceration in the United States and its attendant effects on social stratification. This review first describes the scope of imprisonment and the process of selection into prison. It then considers the implications of the prison boom for understanding inequalities in the labor market, educational attainment, health, families, and the intergenerational transmission of inequality. Social researchers have long understood selection into prison as a reflection of existing stratification processes. Today, research attention has shifted to the role of punishment in generating these inequalities.

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The Mark of a Criminal Record
Pager, D. (2003) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/374403 · Cited by 2,840
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“The effects of poverty or inequality on crime are similarly complex (e.g., Blau & Blau 1982, Bushway & Reuter 2002, Cantor & Land 1985, Hagan & Peterson 1995), but prisons are most certainly filled with the poor (Wheelock & Uggen 2008).”
Background
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Pettit, B., & Western, B. (2004) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240406900201 · Cited by 1,499
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“Figure 5 Differences in male incarceration by race, ethnicity, and education (Source: Western 2006, p. 19). by these differences and placed onto differing tracks (see, e.g., Gamoran & Mare 1989).”
Background
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Hagan, J., & Dinovitzer, R. (1999) · Crime and Justice · doi:10.1086/449296 · Cited by 621 · cited 2×
“An emerging research literature is now examining these intergenerational costs, with many hypothesizing strong negative effects (e.g., Hagan & Dinovitzer 1999, Nurse 2004, Travis et al. www.annualreviews.org • Incarceration and Stratification 397 A nn u.”
Background
Incarceration length, employment, and earnings
Kling, J. R. (2006) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.96.3.863 · Cited by 563
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Does SNAP serve as a safety net for mothers facing an economic shock? An analysis of Black and White unwed mothers' responses to paternal imprisonment
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Attitudes of the Public Toward the Criminal Justice System and Offenders
Creighton, M. L., & Jellison, W. A. (2025) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn30.1.38
“They are also disproportionately impacted by the consequences of a criminal record (Alexander, 2010; Pager, 2003; Wakefield & Uggen, 2010).”
Influential
Introduction
Schon, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108909716.001
Conclusion
Schon, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108909716.009
Bibliography
Schon, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108909716.011
Index
Schon, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108909716.012 · Cited by 1
References
(2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804417-9.16001-6
Racial/Ethnic Disparities
Bruns, A., & Lee, H. E. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16707-3_4 · Cited by 8
The political origins of racial and ethnic inequality
Maltby, E. (2017) · doi:10.17077/etd.aero8www
The Social Landscape of Intractable Offending Among African-American Males in Marginalized Contexts
Coster, S. D., & Zito, R. C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44124-5_11
I Am But I Do Not See: Color-Blind Racial Ideology in College Millennials
Cox, J. M., Ray, R., Marsh, K., Harper, S., & Picca, L. (2017) · doi:10.13016/m2sf2mc3v
Examining the Strain-Crime Relationship Among African American Women
Lowe, N. C. (2016) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2016.081 · Cited by 1
Developing a Competency Model for Parole Board Members
Gamwell, L. (2016) · doi:10.22215/etd/2016-11571
“…while incarceration has been a primary response to crime, many conversations and discussions in criminal justice policy are now bracketed by the high financial and societal cost incurred as a result of high incarceration rates (Dagan & Teles, 2014; Wacquant, 2005; Wakefield & Uggen, 2010).”
Background
African American male offenders experiences of successful parole/post-release completion
Veale, F. R. B. (2015) · doi:10.17077/etd.tt70ovw9
The Art of Rehabilitation: Extracurricular Activities and the Disruption of Intergenerational Incarceration
Sykes, B. L., Gioviano, J. P., & Piquero, A. R. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137476821_7
A comparison of beliefs and attitudes about body image, eating and weight between incarcerated and non-incarcerated females
Lindsay, A. R. (2020) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · doi:10.34917/8220137
“Demographically Vulnerable and Underserved Population Women in prison are a vulnerable and underserved population, generally of low educational attainment and socio-economic status (Houle, 2014; Wakefield & Uggen, 2010).”
Background
Disparately Deviant Labor(ers): From Marijuana Dealers to Marijuana Doctors
Compton, E. (2014) · doi:10.14418/wes01.1.1099
Erosion and Adjustment: A Bourdieuian-Inspired Analysis of Imprisonment and Release
Seim, J. (2000) · doi:10.15760/etd.295
Commentary on Roettger et al. (2011): confronting the elephant in the room.
Wildeman, C. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03154.x

Authors: Wakefield, S., & Uggen, C.
Affiliations: University of California, Irvine (US)
University of Minnesota (US)
ORCID: Wakefield, Sara
Uggen, Christopher
Venue: Annual Review of Sociology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2010-06-01
Volume: 36
Issue: 1
Pages: 387-406
ISSN: 0360-0572 (ISSN-L)
1545-2115
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102551
OpenAlex: W2124160730
Cited by: 747
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 13.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Sociology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
Keywords: mass incarceration, social stratification, social inequality, prison population, labor market inequality, educational attainment, health disparities, family breakdown, intergenerational transmission of inequality, punishment, United States

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