Intake of low-dose leucine-rich essential amino acids stimulates muscle anabolism equivalently to bolus whey protein in older women at rest and after exercise
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Dysregulated anabolic responses to nutrition/exercise may contribute to sarcopenia; however, these characteristics are poorly defined in female populations. We determined the effects of two feeding regimes in older women (66 ± 2.5 yr; n = 8/group): bolus whey protein (WP-20 g) or novel low-dose leucine-enriched essential amino acids (EAA) [LEAA; 3 g (40% leucine)]. Using [ 13 C 6 ]phenylalanine infusions, we quantified muscle (MPS) and albumin (APS) protein synthesis at baseline and in response to both feeding (FED) and feeding plus exercise (FED-EX; 6 × 8 knee extensions at 75% 1-repetition maximum). We also quantified plasma insulin/AA concentrations, whole leg (LBF)/muscle microvascular blood flow (MBF), and muscle anabolic signaling by phosphoimmunoblotting. Plasma insulinemia and EAA/aemia were markedly greater after WP than LEAA ( P < 0.001). Neither LEAA nor WP modified LBF in response to FED or FED-EX, whereas MBF increased to a similar extent in both groups only after FED-EX ( P < 0.05). In response to FED, both WP and LEAA equally stimulated MPS 0–2 h ( P < 0.05), abating thereafter (0–4 h, P > 0.05). In contrast, after FED-EX, MPS increased at 0–2 h and remained elevated at 0–4 h ( P < 0.05) with both WP and LEAA. No anabolic signals quantifiably increased after FED, but p70 S6K1 Thr 389 increased after FED-EX (2 h, P < 0.05). APS increased similarly after WP and LEAA. Older women remain subtly responsive to nutrition ± exercise. Intriguingly though, bolus WP offers no trophic advantage over LEAA.
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The accelerated loss of muscle mass around menopause can be partly explained by a higher muscle protein synthesis rate in postmenopausal women, which is counteracted by an upregulation of protein breakdown.
“This can be partly explained by a higher muscle protein synthesis rate in postmenopausal women, which is counteracted by an upregulation of protein breakdown [246].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [246]
Older women experience an accelerated loss of muscle mass around menopause.
“they still experience an accelerated loss of muscle mass around menopause [246]”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [246]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Bukhari, S. S. I., Phillips, B. E., Wilkinson, D. J., Limb, M. C., Rankin, D., Mitchell, W. K., Kobayashi, H., Greenhaff, P. L., Smith, K., & Atherton, P. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Ajinomoto (Japan) (JP)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2015-06-15
- Volume
- 308
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- E1056-E1065
- ISSN
- 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1555
- OpenAlex
- W2141893506
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 8.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MR/K00414X/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- whey protein, muscle protein synthesis, sarcopenia, older women, physical activity, muscle anabolism, insulin, anabolic signaling, essential amino acids
- MeSH terms
- Whey Proteins, Aged, Amino Acids, Essential, Diet, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Insulin, Leucine, Middle Aged, Milk Proteins, Muscle Proteins, Rest, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements
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