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Regional changes in muscle mass following 17 weeks of bed rest
Abstract
This work reports on the muscle loss and recovery after 17 wk of continuous bed rest and 8 wk of reambulation in eight normal male volunteers. Muscle changes were assessed by urinary levels of 3-methylhistidine (3-MeH), nitrogen balance, dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and isokinetic muscle performance. The total body lean tissue loss during bed rest calculated from nitrogen balance was 3.9 +/- 2.1 (SD) kg (P < 0.05). Although the total loss is minimal, DPA scans showed that nearly all of the lean tissue loss occurred in the lower limbs. Similarly, MRI muscle volume measurements showed greater percent loss in the limbs relative to the back muscles. MRI, DPA, and nitrogen balance suggest that muscle atrophy continued throughout bed rest with rapid recovery after reambulation. Isokinetic muscle strength decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the thigh and calf with no loss in the arms and with rapid recovery during reambulation. We conclude that there is great variability in the degree and location of muscle loss in bed rest and that the lower limb muscles are primarily affected.
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“LeBlanc et al. reported a total body lean mass loss of 2.6 kg following 119 days of bed rest in healthy young males; of this, 2.4 kg was from the legs (0.14 kg·wk-1) [10].”
From Protecting muscle mass and function in older adults during bed rest (2010) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“In young, healthy adults subjected to bed rest, the loss of lower body lean mass appears to be on the order of 100-200 g·wk-1.”
From Protecting muscle mass and function in older adults during bed rest (2010) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Inactivity-induced loss of muscle mass predominantly affects the lower body musculature and is most rapid during the initials days/weeks of inactivity [9-11].”
From Protecting muscle mass and function in older adults during bed rest (2010) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“In young adults, routine measures such as isokinetic torque and isotonic strength of the knee extensors have typically revealed decreases on the order of 5-6% per week for the first several weeks of bed rest (e.g., 23% after 28 days) [10,11].”
From Protecting muscle mass and function in older adults during bed rest (2010) · cites this paper as [10]
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Mitsiopoulos, N., Baumgartner, R. N., Heymsfield, S. B., Lyons, W., Gallagher, D., & Ross, R. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.1.115 · Cited by 1,522
From space to Earth: Advances in human physiology from 20 years of bed rest studies (1986–2006)
Pavy-Le Traon, A., Heer, M., Narici, M. V., Rittweger, J., & Vernikos, J. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0474-z · Cited by 658
“Back and leg muscles show significant atrophy in the early weeks of bed rest (LeBlanc et al. 1992).”
BackgroundPhysiology of a Microgravity Environment Invited Review: Microgravity and skeletal muscle
Fitts, R. H., Riley, D. R., & Widrick, J. J. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.2.823 · Cited by 548
Functional Impact of 10 Days of Bed Rest in Healthy Older Adults
Kortebein, P., Symons, T. B., Ferrando, A., Paddon-Jones, D., Ronsen, O., Protas, E., Conger, S., Lombeida, J., Wolfe, R., & Evans, W. J. (2008) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/63.10.1076 · Cited by 550
“Leblanc and colleagues (19) found a similar reduction in knee extensor torque (but no significant change in knee flexion torque) after 1 week of bed rest.”
BackgroundInfluentialProlonged bed rest decreases skeletal muscle and whole body protein synthesis
Ferrando, A. A., Lane, H. W., Stuart, C. A., Davis-Street, J. E., & Wolfe, R. R. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1996.270.4.e627 · Cited by 498
Protecting muscle mass and function in older adults during bed rest
English, K. L., & Paddon-Jones, D. (2010) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e328333aa66 · Cited by 477
Bone mineral and lean tissue loss after long duration space flight.
LeBlanc, A., Schneider, V. B., Shackelford, L. C., West, S., Oganov, V. S., Bakulin, A. V., & Voronin, L. I. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 466
Self-citationExercise in space: human skeletal muscle after 6 months aboard the International Space Station
Trappe, S., Costill, D., Gallagher, P., Creer, A., Peters, J. R., Evans, H., Riley, D. A., & Fitts, R. H. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91578.2008 · Cited by 454
“The current ISS and previous Mir calf muscle volume loss is about one-half that of long-duration (60- to 120-day) bed rest studies showing a 29% decrease among the control subjects without countermeasures (2, 21, 27, 40).”
BackgroundSelf-citationChanges in musculoskeletal structure and function with prolonged bed rest
BLOOMFIELD, S. A. (1997) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199702000-00006 · Cited by 443
Skeletal muscle unweighting: spaceflight and ground-based models
Adams, G. R., Caiozzo, V. J., & Baldwin, K. M. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00346.2003 · Cited by 401
“With some exceptions, most reports indicate that the changes in contractile performance and in muscle size seen with bed rest are not uniform (3, 4, 6, 22, 24, 33, 61, 63).”
BackgroundInfluentialSkeletal muscle atrophy during short-term disuse: Implications for age-related sarcopenia
Wall, B. T., Dirks, M. L., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2013) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2013.07.003 · Cited by 400
Resistance exercise as a countermeasure to disuse-induced bone loss
Shackelford, L. C., LeBlanc, A. D., Driscoll, T. B., Evans, H. J., Rianon, N. J., Smith, S. M., Spector, E., Feeback, D. L., & Lai, D. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00741.2003 · Cited by 392
“The MRI muscle volume results for the eight present control subjects were not combined with previous data because of slight differences in the acquisition protocol; however, the present results were very similar to those published for the eight male control subjects in our laboratory’s previous bed-rest studies (17).”
ResultSelf-citationMuscle volume, MRI relaxation times (T2), and body composition after spaceflight
LeBlanc, A., Lin, C., Shackelford, L., Sinitsyn, V., Evans, H., Belichenko, O., Schenkman, B., Kozlovskaya, I., Oganov, V., Bakulin, A., et al. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.6.2158 · Cited by 370
Self-citationPhysiology of sedentary behavior
Pinto, A. J., Bergouignan, A., Dempsey, P. C., Roschel, H., Owen, N. G., Gualano, B., & Dunstan, D. W. (2023) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00022.2022 · Cited by 442
Heymsfield, S. B., Gonzalez, M. C. C., Shen, W., Redman, L., & Thomas, D. (2014) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12143 · Cited by 350
“evaluated bed rest for 17 weeks in eight healthy relatively young men with a mean BMI of about 25 kg m (54).”
Substantial skeletal muscle loss occurs during only 5 days of disuse
Wall, B. T., Dirks, M. L., Snijders, T., Senden, J. M. G., Dolmans, J., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2014) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.12190 · Cited by 346
“The ensuing impairments in muscle function (Deitrick 1948, Ingemann-Hansen & Halkjaer-Kristensen 1980, White et al. 1984, Gibson et al. 1987, LeBlanc et al. 1992), metabolic rate (Tzankoff & Norris 1977, Haruna et al. 1994) and insulin sensitivity (Stuart et al. 1988), and accrual of body fat mass…”
BackgroundRittweger, J., Frost, H. M., Schießl, H., Ohshima, H., Alkner, B. A., Tesch, P. A., & Felsenberg, D. (2005) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2004.11.014 · Cited by 351
Paddon-Jones, D., Sheffield-Moore, M., Urban, R. J., Sanford, A. P., Aarsland, A., Wolfe, R. R., & Ferrando, A. A. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-032159 · Cited by 338
Muscle strength in the elderly: Its relation to vitamin d metabolites
Bischoff, H. A., Stähelin, H. B., Urscheler, N., Ehrsam, R., Vonthein, R., Perrig‐Chiello, P., Tyndall, A., & Theiler, R. (1999) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(99)90307-6 · Cited by 310
Alkner, B. A., & Tesch, P. A. (2004) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1172-8 · Cited by 306
“However, few studies have in fact determined the atrophic response and the accompanying alterations in the in vivo function of these two muscle groups concurrently (LeBlanc et al. 1992; Schulze et al. 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBoer, M. D. D., Maganaris, C. N., Seynnes, O., Rennie, M. J., & Narici, M. V. (2007) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.135392 · Cited by 294
“However, the losses of contractile strength and power with unloading seem to be consistently greater than the decreases in muscle size and volume (Berg et al. 1991; LeBlanc et al. 1992; Antonutto et al. 1999; Alkner & Tesch, 2004).”
dos Santos, C. C., Hussain, S. N. A., Mathur, S., Picard, M. A., Herridge, M. S., Correa, J., Bain, A. D., Guo, Y., Advani, A., Advani, S. L., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201512-2344oc · Cited by 294
Disuse of the musculo-skeletal system in space and on earth
Narici, M. V., & de Boer, M. D. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1556-x · Cited by 270
“…et al. (2007) 35 KE CSA 9 35 PF CSA 12 Ferretti et al. (2001) 42 KE CSA *17 Berg et al. (1997) 42 KE CSA 14 Alkner and Tesch (2004b) 89 TS VOL 29 89 Quad VOL 18 LeBlanc et al. (1992) 120 PF VOL 30 120 KE VOL 15 Shackelford et al. (2004) 120 KE CSA 16 ULLS Dudley et al. (1992) 10 KE CSA 5 Adams…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDirks, M. L., Wall, B. T., Snijders, T., Ottenbros, C. L. P., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2013) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.12200 · Cited by 266
Reeves, N. D., Maganaris, C. N., Ferretti, G., & Narici, M. V. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01266.2004 · Cited by 244
“The present study may be considered unique in terms of the duration of unloading (90 days); few studies have investigated physiological adaptations to longer periods of unloading (35, 36).”
Backgroundde Boer, M. D., Seynnes, O. R., di Prampero, P. E., Pišot, R., Mekjavić, I. B., Biolo, G., & Narici, M. V. (2008) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0703-0 · Cited by 229
“The Wnding that muscles from the triceps surea are usually aVected to a greater extent than those comprising the quadriceps femoris with unloading has been shown before by other authors (Alkner and Tesch 2004; Hather et al. 1992; LeBlanc et al. 1992; Akima et al. 2001).”
BackgroundResultNutritional strategies to attenuate muscle disuse atrophy
Wall, B. T., & van Loon, L. J. (2013) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/nure.12019 · Cited by 228
“…Shangraw et al. (1988)72 7 ~2.5% ↓ in whole-body muscle volume – ↓ in nitrogen balance Stuart et al. (1988)73 7 – – ↓ in protein synthesis, no change in protein breakdown LeBlanc et al. (1992)58 119 12% ↓ in quadriceps lean mass 30% ↓ – Germain et al. (1995)42 28 – 10% ↓ – Ferrando et al.…”
InfluentialTanner, R. E., Brunker, L. B., Agergaard, J., Barrows, K. M., Briggs, R. A., Kwon, O. S., Young, L. M., Hopkins, P. N., Volpi, E., Marcus, R. L., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp270699 · Cited by 223
“First, these assumptions with bed rest have been derived from examples of independent studies in young (LeBlanc et al. 1992; Ferrando et al. 1996; Trappe et al. 2008) and older (Kortebein et al. 2007; Drummond et al. 2012; Deutz et al. 2013) adults but unfortunately these studies have not used…”
BackgroundMethodSpace, Gravity and the Physiology of Aging: Parallel or Convergent Disciplines? A Mini-Review
Vernikos, J., & Schneider, V. S. (2010) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000252852 · Cited by 223
Self-citationResistance exercise maintains skeletal muscle protein synthesis during bed rest
Ferrando, A. A., Tipton, K. D., Bamman, M. M., & Wolfe, R. R. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.82.3.807 · Cited by 221
Trappe, T. A., Burd, N. A., Louis, E. S., Lee, G. A., & Trappe, S. W. (2007) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01728.x · Cited by 212
“The muscle strength losses for the thigh and calf muscles were substantial and similar to what has been shown before with long duration bed rest (Leblanc et al. 1992, Koryak 1999, Alkner & Tesch 2004b, Shackelford et al. 2004).”
MethodBrooks, N. E., & Myburgh, K. H. (2014) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00099 · Cited by 206
“Animals with overexpression of follistatin have increased muscle mass (Lee and McPherron, 2001; Haidet et al., 2008), and the muscles are larger than with myostatin knock-out alone (Lee, 2007).”
BackgroundRehabilitation for Hospital-Associated Deconditioning
Kortebein, P. (2009) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0b013e3181838f70 · Cited by 190
Nonuniform loss of muscle strength and atrophy during bed rest: a systematic review
Marusic, U., Narici, M., Simunic, B., Pisot, R., & Ritzmann, R. (2021) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00363.2020 · Cited by 185
Arentson‐Lantz, E. J., English, K. L., Paddon‐Jones, D., & Fry, C. S. (2016) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00799.2015 · Cited by 193
“MECHANICAL UNLOADING INDUCES a myriad of detrimental changes in skeletal muscle, including rapid atrophy and decreases in strength and functional capacity in younger and older adults (14, 27, 34, 38, 40, 74).”
BackgroundFORTNEY, S. M., Schneider, V. S., & GREENLEAF, J. E. (1996) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp040239 · Cited by 182
Self-citationLeucine partially protects muscle mass and function during bed rest in middle-aged adults
English, K. L., Mettler, J. A., Ellison, J. B., Mamerow, M. M., Arentson-Lantz, E., Pattarini, J. M., Ploutz-Snyder, R., Sheffield-Moore, M., & Paddon-Jones, D. (2016) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.112359 · Cited by 162
Hip, thigh and calf muscle atrophy and bone loss after 5-week bedrest inactivity
Berg, H. E., Eiken, O., Miklavcic, L., & Mekjavic, I. B. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0346-y · Cited by 161
“It is well known that upper extremity muscles, which carry a marginal gravitational load, show less adaptation than lower limb muscles after unloaded inactivity (Leblanc et al. 1992).”
BackgroundAlkner, B. A., & Tesch, P. A. (2004) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1365-201x.2004.01293.x · Cited by 161
Collagen Cross-Link Excretion during Space Flight and Bed Rest1
Smith, S. M., Nillen, J. L., LeBlanc, A., Lipton, A., Demers, L. M., Lane, H. W., & Leach, C. S. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.10.5169 · Cited by 160
“Because lean body mass typically is lost during long space flight (5) or bed rest (27), we did not normalize the results in terms of creatinine.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationEffect of short-duration spaceflight on thigh and leg muscle volume
Akima, H., Kawakami, Y., Kubo, K., Sekiguchi, C., Ohshima, H., Miyamoto, A., & Fukunaga, T. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200010000-00013 · Cited by 156
Nindl, B. C., Friedl, K. E., Frykman, P., Marchitelli, L. J., Shippee, R. L., & Patton, J. F. (1997) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-972640 · Cited by 155
Longitudinal study of skeletal muscle adaptations during immobilization and rehabilitation
Vandenborne, K., Elliott, M. A., Walter, G. A., Abdus, S., Okereke, E., Shaffer, M. A., Tahernia, D., & Esterhai, J. L. (1998) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199808)21:8 · Cited by 149
Mahoney, J. (1998) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-0690(18)30087-9 · Cited by 150
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Trunk Muscles During Prolonged Bed Rest
Hides, J. A., Belavý, D. L., Stanton, W. R., Wilson, S. J., Rittweger, J., Felsenberg, D., & Richardson, C. A. (2007) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e318074c386 · Cited by 142
“Although the muscles of the lumbopelvic (LP) region have not been investigated extensively in bed rest studies to date, one magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study showed that, within a few weeks of bed rest, combined measurements of the multifidus and lumbar erector spinae muscles decreased in size by 9%.(11) In contr…”
BackgroundMyonuclear domain and myosin phenotype in human soleus after bed rest with or without loading
Ohira, Y., Yoshinaga, T., Ohara, M., Nonaka, I., Yoshioka, T., Yamashita-Goto, K., Shenkman, E. A., Kozlovskaya, I. B., Roy, R. R., & Edgerton, V. R. (1999) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.87.5.1776 · Cited by 141
“First, the overall 35% decrease in fiber size was greater than that previously reported for human muscle fibers or muscles after prolonged periods (4–17 wk) of bed rest (4, 5, 9, 17, 19, 22) or 4–6 wk of unilateral limb unloading (4, 18, 26).”
BackgroundHypertrophy of chronically unloaded muscle subjected to resistance exercise
Tesch, P. A., Trieschmann, J., & Ekberg, A. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01051.2003 · Cited by 141
Akima, H., Kubo, K., Imai, M., Kanehisa, H., Suzuki, Y., Gunji, A., & Fukunaga, T. (2001) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.2001.00869.x · Cited by 140
“Received 5 June 2000, accepted 12 January 2001 It is well known that muscle atrophy is caused by disuse, such as bed rest (Gogia et al. 1988, LeBlanc et al. 1988, 1992, Duvoisin et al. 1989, Hikida et al. 1989, Berg et al. 1992, Suzuki et al. 1994, Ferrando et al. 1995, Bloom®eld 1997, Ferretti et…”
BackgroundDirks, M. L., Wall, B. T., Nilwik, R., Weerts, D. H. J. M., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2014) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.114.194217 · Cited by 137
Atrophy and hypertrophy of skeletal muscles: structural and functional aspects
Boonyarom, O., & Inui, K. (2006) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2006.01613.x · Cited by 144
“…Chakravarthy et al. (2000), Fluckey et al. (2002), Grounds (2002), Machida & Booth (2004b) A2: Thomason & Booth (1990), Hather et al. (1992), LeBlanc et al. (1992), Widrick & Fitts (1997), Andersen et al. (1999), Mujika & Padilla (2001), Reardon et al. (2001), Widrick et al. (2001), Grounds…”
BackgroundMuscle wasting and aging: Experimental models, fatty infiltrations, and prevention
Brioche, T., Pagano, A. F., Py, G., & Chopard, A. (2016) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2016.04.006 · Cited by 129
“These studies have collectively shown that the antigravity extensors of the knee and ankle are the most affected (Alkner and Tesch, 2004b; LeBlanc et al., 1992; Rittweger et al., 2005).”
BackgroundEffects of 3 days unloading on molecular regulators of muscle size in humans
Gustafsson, T. P., Österlund, T., Flanagan, J. N., von Walden, F., Trappe, T. A., Linnehan, R. M., & Tesch, P. A. (2010) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00110.2009 · Cited by 135
In Vivo Alterations in Skeletal Muscle Form and Function after Disuse Atrophy
CLARK, B. C. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a645a6 · Cited by 131
Muscle Adaptations with Immobilization and Rehabilitation after Ankle Fracture
Stevens, J. E., Walter, G. A., Okereke, E., Scarborough, M. T., Esterhai, J. L., George, S. Z., Kelley, M., Tillman, S. M., GIBBS, J. D., ELLIOTT, M. A., et al. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000142407.25188.05 · Cited by 129
Skeletal muscle proteolysis in response to short-term unloading in humans
Tesch, P. A., von Walden, F., Gustafsson, T. P., Linnehan, R. M., & Trappe, T. A. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90558.2008 · Cited by 129
“SPACEFLIGHT AND SIMULATION models of no-weight-bearing activity provoke lower limb skeletal muscle atrophy (1, 3, 4, 21, 33, 34) as a result of altered protein metabolism leading to decreased muscle contractile protein content (14, 30, 31, 35, 42).”
Shur, N. F., Creedon, L., Skirrow, S., Atherton, P. J., Macdonald, I. A., Lund, J. N., & Greenhaff, P. L. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101344 · Cited by 148
Muscle Atrophy and Changes in Spinal Morphology
Belavý, D. L., Armbrecht, G., Richardson, C. A., et al. (2010) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3181cc93e8 · Cited by 127
Aging impairs the recovery in mechanical muscle function following 4days of disuse
Hvid, L. G., Suetta, C., Nielsen, J., Jensen, M. M., Frandsen, U., Ørtenblad, N., Kjær, M., & Aagaard, P. (2014) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2014.01.012 · Cited by 127
“The observed decrements in isometric and slow dynamic muscle strength were independent of age whereas the observed decrements in moderate dynamic muscle strength and rapid muscle force capacity (RFD, Impulse) tended to be greater at old age.”
MethodInfluentialEffects of 17-day spaceflight on knee extensor muscle function and size
Tesch, P. A., Berg, H. E., Bring, D. K. ‐., Evans, H. J., & LeBlanc, A. (2004) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1236-9 · Cited by 120
“The results of previous studies of up to 6 weeks in duration and employing spaceflight analogs, suggest the time course for restoring skeletal muscle function is similar or perhaps somewhat shorter than the rate at which strength loss occurs (LeBlanc et al. 1992; Berg et al. 1997).”
ResultSelf-citationWall, B. T., Morton, J. P., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2014) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2014.936326 · Cited by 128
Geriatric Rehabilitation: State of the Art
Hoenig, H., Nusbaum, N. J., & Brummel‐Smith, K. V. (1997) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb02939.x · Cited by 115
Returning to Play after Prolonged Training Restrictions in Professional Collision Sports
Stokes, K., Jones, B. L., Bennett, M., Close, G. L., Gill, N., Hull, J. H., Kasper, A. M., Kemp, S. P. T., Mellalieu, S. D., Peirce, N. S., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1180-3692 · Cited by 122
“For example, the quadriceps atrophy more rapidly than the hamstrings [60], and the large postural and gross motor movement muscles of the legs, trunk and back atrophy more quickly than the arms or other smaller muscles more attuned to fine movements [61].”
BackgroundResistance training preserves skeletal muscle function during unloading in humans
SCHULZE, K. E., Gallagher, P. M., & Trappe, S. W. (2002) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200202000-00019 · Cited by 113
“periods of bed rest (16,29) and space flight (20,28).”
BackgroundKubo, K., Akima, H., Ushiyama, J., Tabata, I., Fukuoka, H., Kanehisa, H., & Fukunaga, T. (2004) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2003.005595 · Cited by 110
Differential atrophy of the lower-limb musculature during prolonged bed-rest
Belavý, D. L., Miokovic, T., Armbrecht, G., Richardson, C. A., Rittweger, J., & Felsenberg, D. (2009) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1136-0 · Cited by 111
Observation of intramyocellular lipids by means of1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Boesch, C., Décombaz, J., Slotboom, J., & Kreis, R. (1999) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665199001147 · Cited by 109
“MRI can also be used for the determination of body composition and muscle volumes (Fukunaga et al. 1992; LeBlanc et al. 1992; McColl et al. 1992; Narici et al. 1992; Roberts et al. 1993; Elliott et al. 1997; Fusch et al. 1998; Kamber et al. 1999).”
BackgroundKramer, A., Gollhofer, A., Armbrecht, G., Felsenberg, D., & Grüber, M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13659-8 · Cited by 118
Rudnick, J., Püttmann, B., Tesch, P. A., Alkner, B. A., Schoser, B. G. H., Salanova, M., Kirsch, K. A., Gunga, H., Schiffl, G., Lück, G., et al. (2004) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.03-0792fje · Cited by 99
“Based on the amount of muscle atrophy reported from previous BR studies (44), resistance training in the exercise group was performed throughout the BR period by each volunteer according to these two regimens every third day (total exercise days in BR: 29 d).”
MethodBrooks, N., Cloutier, G. J., Cadena, S. M., Layne, J. E., Nelsen, C. A., Freed, A. M., Roubenoff, R., & Castaneda-Sceppa, C. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01346.2007 · Cited by 102
Body composition analysis of pigs by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.
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The Human Skeletal Muscle Proteome Project: a reappraisal of the current literature
González‐Freire, M., Semba, R. D., Ubaida‐Mohien, C., Fabbri, E., Scalzo, P., Højlund, K., Dufresne, C. P., Lyashkov, A. E., & Ferrucci, L. (2016) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12121 · Cited by 98
“lower limb muscles accompanied by a reduction in crosssectional area and fascicle length.(42) Bed rest proteomic studies with or without exercise have shown muscle fibre atrophy accompanied by a deregulation in myosin heavy chain distribution, downregulation of thin filament proteins, and changes in fibre type composi…”
BackgroundComparison of a space shuttle flight (STS-78) and bed rest on human muscle function
Trappe, S. W., Trappe, T. A., Lee, G. A., Widrick, J. J., COSTILL, D. L., & Fitts, R. H. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.1.57 · Cited by 96
“(22) have reported large, significant decreases in calf muscle strength after 35 and 119 days of bed rest, respectively.”
BackgroundMoriggi, M., Vasso, M., Fania, C., Capitanio, D., Bonifacio, G. J., Michele Salanova, A., Blottner, D., Rittweger, J., Felsenberg, D., Cerretelli, P., et al. (2010) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.200900817 · Cited by 96
“The decrease in muscle mass appears to attain an asymptote after 6–9 months at 70% of the control level [2–8].”
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Blood flow restriction by low compressive force prevents disuse muscular weakness
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“The specific effects of reduced activity in patients hospitalized for AECOPD can be further extrapolated from observations made in studies of normal healthy individuals submitted to bed rest (28).”
ResultLohuis, T., Harlow, H. J., & Beck, T. D. (2007) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.12.020 · Cited by 90
Belavý, D. L., Armbrecht, G., Gast, U., Richardson, C. A., Hides, J. A., & Felsenberg, D. (2010) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00707.2010 · Cited by 90
“significant increases seen in other studies (14, 28), while”
Hibernating Bears Conserve Muscle Strength and Maintain Fatigue Resistance
Lohuis, T., Harlow, H. J., Beck, T. D., & Iaizzo, P. A. (2007) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/513190 · Cited by 86
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“(30) after 17 days of simulated microgravity.”
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“LeBlanc et al reported that long-term bed rest induced systemic skeletal muscle atrophy and confirmed that back muscle atrophy also occurred after long-term bed rest, as assessed by MRI.(10) In the present study, postoperative back muscle atrophy induced by bed rest was probably not a factor because the duration of po…”
BackgroundTrappe, S. W., Creer, A., Minchev, K., Slivka, D. R., Louis, E. S., Luden, N. D., & Trappe, T. A. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00761.2007 · Cited by 89
“HUMAN BED REST STUDIES of 3–4 mo in duration have found the calf muscles to atrophy 30%, which is 10–15% greater than the thigh muscles (2, 32, 43).”
BackgroundSkeletal muscle atrophy in advanced interstitial lung disease
Mendes, P. L., Wickerson, L. M., Helm, D., Janaudis‐Ferreira, T., Brooks, D., Singer, L. G., & Mathur, S. (2015) · Respirology · doi:10.1111/resp.12571 · Cited by 82
The Physiological Consequences of Bed Rest and Inactivity
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Resistance exercise prevents plantar flexor deconditioning during bed rest
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Alterations in protein metabolism during space flight and inactivity
Ferrando, A. A., Paddon‐Jones, D., & Wolfe, R. R. (2002) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00930-9 · Cited by 81
Mulder, E. R., Stegeman, D. F., Gerrits, K. H. L., Paalman, M. I., Rittweger, J., Felsenberg, D., & de Haan, A. (2006) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0241-6 · Cited by 78
“after 90– 120 days) (Alkner and Tesch 2004a; LeBlanc et al. 1992).”
BackgroundThe Role of Calpains in Skeletal Muscle Remodeling with Exercise and Inactivity-induced Atrophy
Hyatt, H. W., & Powers, S. K. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1199-7662 · Cited by 77
Interplay of stress and physical inactivity on muscle loss: nutritional countermeasures
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Haddad, F., Baldwin, K. M., & Tesch, P. A. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00553.2004 · Cited by 72
“These changes occur even when various types of exercise intervention are imposed (7, 10, 13, 18, 19, 24, 25, 32-34).”
BackgroundHeyland, D. K., Day, A. G., Clarke, G., Hough, C. L., Files, D. C., Mourtzakis, M., Deutz, N. E. P., Needham, D. M., & Stapleton, R. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027893 · Cited by 73
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Maximal instantaneous muscular power after prolonged bed rest in humans
Ferretti, G., Berg, H. E., Minetti, A. E., Moia, C., Rampichini, S., & Narici, M. V. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.431 · Cited by 70
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The effects of rehabilitation on the muscles of the trunk following prolonged bed rest
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“people with LBP for the multifidus [12, 14, 24, 25, 36–38, 60] and psoas [14, 43, 58] muscles.”
BackgroundResultFour days of muscle disuse impairs single fiber contractile function in young and old healthy men
Hvid, L. G., Suetta, C., Aagaard, P., et al. (2012) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2012.11.005 · Cited by 68
Human soleus and vastus lateralis muscle protein metabolism with an amino acid infusion
Carroll, C. C., Fluckey, J. D., Williams, R. H., Sullivan, D. H., & Trappe, T. A. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00393.2004 · Cited by 72
“Compared with that of the thigh, chronic unloading of the calf muscles results in greater muscle atrophy (3, 30), and, unlike the vastus lateralis, RE is unable to completely prevent the loss of calf muscle mass (3), possibly due to the reduced ability of RE to stimulate protein synthesis in the soleus compared with t…”
BackgroundNegative Effects of Long-duration Spaceflight on Paraspinal Muscle Morphology
Burkhart, K. A., Allaire, B., & Bouxsein, M. (2019) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000002959 · Cited by 72
“However, bedrest may not be a suitable atrophy model for certain muscles, including intrinsic back muscles and psoas, since bedrest-induced declines in these muscles are not as severe as those reported after spaceflight of similar duration.(6,12) Therefore, it is important to use microgravity studies instead of bedres…”
BackgroundEarly Mobility in the Intensive Care Unit: Evidence, Barriers, and Future Directions
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Metadata
- Authors
- LeBlanc, A. D., Schneider, V. S., Evans, H. J., Pientok, C., Rowe, R., & Spector, E.
- Affiliations
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1992-11-01
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 2172-2178
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2115227363
- Cited by
- 359
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5m01rr000350-28)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR-02558, RR-00350, M01RR002558)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Spaceflight effects on biology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- disuse atrophy, bed rest, reambulation, muscle mass, lean tissue loss, lower limb muscles, muscle strength recovery, 3-methylhistidine, nitrogen balance, dual photon absorptiometry, muscle volume
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Atrophy, Body Weight, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Methylhistidines, Middle Aged, Muscles, Nitrogen, Organ Size, Rest, Absorptiometry, Photon
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