Activation of ganglion cells and axon bundles using epiretinal electrical stimulation
Open accessAbstract
Epiretinal prostheses for treating blindness activate axon bundles, causing large, arc-shaped visual percepts that limit the quality of artificial vision. Improving the function of epiretinal prostheses therefore requires understanding and avoiding axon bundle activation. This study introduces a method to detect axon bundle activation on the basis of its electrical signature and uses the method to test whether epiretinal stimulation can directly elicit spikes in individual retinal ganglion cells without activating nearby axon bundles. Combined electrical stimulation and recording from isolated primate retina were performed using a custom multielectrode system (512 electrodes, 10-μm diameter, 60-μm pitch). Axon bundle signals were identified by their bidirectional propagation, speed, and increasing amplitude as a function of stimulation current. The threshold for bundle activation varied across electrodes and retinas, and was in the same range as the threshold for activating retinal ganglion cells near their somas. In the peripheral retina, 45% of electrodes that activated individual ganglion cells (17% of all electrodes) did so without activating bundles. This permitted selective activation of 21% of recorded ganglion cells (7% of expected ganglion cells) over the array. In one recording in the central retina, 75% of electrodes that activated individual ganglion cells (16% of all electrodes) did so without activating bundles. The ability to selectively activate a subset of retinal ganglion cells without axon bundles suggests a possible novel architecture for future epiretinal prostheses. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Large-scale multielectrode recording and stimulation were used to test how selectively retinal ganglion cells can be electrically activated without activating axon bundles. A novel method was developed to identify axon activation on the basis of its unique electrical signature and was used to find that a subset of ganglion cells can be activated at single-cell, single-spike resolution without producing bundle activity in peripheral and central retina. These findings have implications for the development of advanced retinal prostheses.
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The ex vivo lab prototype provides reliable experimental access to complete populations of ON and OFF parasol cell types in macaque retina.
“These data provide reliable experimental access to complete populations of ON and OFF parasol cell types in macaque retina, so these two cell types are the focus of the empirical analysis.”
From Precise control of neural activity using dynamically optimized electrical stimulation (2024) · cites this paper as Grosberg et al., 2017
Many electrical stimuli simultaneously activated two or more cells, often due to axonal stimulation.
“In general, even though some electrical stimuli selectively activated one cell, many stimuli simultaneously activated two or more cells, often due to axonal stimulation (Figure 1C; Grosberg et al., 2017).”
From Precise control of neural activity using dynamically optimized electrical stimulation (2024) · cites this paper as Grosberg et al., 2017
Dictionary elements that involved activating distant cells along their axons were removed due to the unknown receptive field locations and thus uncertain contribution to stimulus reconstruction.
“Dictionary elements that involved activating distant cells along their axons were removed due to the unknown receptive field locations and thus uncertain contribution to stimulus reconstruction (Grosberg et al., 2017).”
From Precise control of neural activity using dynamically optimized electrical stimulation (2024) · cites this paper as Grosberg et al., 2017
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- Nanduri D. Prosthetic vision in Blind Human Patients: Predicting the Percepts of Epiretinal Stimulation (PhD thesis). Los Angeles, CA: University of Southern California, 2011.
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“This bundle activation happens since the axons of RGCs lie closer to the electrodes th n the nderlying RGC soma that are the intended targets of stimulation [43].”
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“Dictionary elements that stimulated cells along their axons, with somas off the electrode array, were removed due to their unknown receptive field locations and thus uncertain contribution to stimulus reconstruction [7].”
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“Bundle activation can be detected by bidirectional propagation of an evoked electrical signal that, unlike the activity of a single cell, increases progressively in amplitude with increasing current [9].”
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“A recent study by Chichilnisky and colleagues [10] has also demonstrated conditions under which activation of passing axon bundles and the AIS occurs, however we were not able to reproduce these experiments in simulations without cell morphologies and the precise three-dimensional location of the stimulating electrode…”
InfluentialCorrelated Activity in the Degenerate Retina Inhibits Focal Response to Electrical Stimulation
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“Physiologists have searched for optimal stimulation protocols, such as the minimum stimulation threshold required for local activation of target neurons to avoid axon bundle activation or non-specific activation of nearby RGCs (Sekirnjak et al., 2008; Jepson et al., 2013; Grosberg et al., 2017; Chang et al., 2019; Tan…”
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Direct‐Print 3D Electrodes for Large‐Scale, High‐Density, and Customizable Neural Interfaces
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Palanker, D. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.24123-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Effects of Depth-Based Object Isolation in Simulated Retinal Prosthetic Vision
Avraham, D., & Yitzhak Yitzhaky, B. (2021) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym13101763 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Chenais, N. A. L., Leccardi, M. J. I. A., & Ghezzi, D. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abcd6f · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Shadmani, A., Viswam, V., Chen, Y., Bounik, R., Dragas, J., Radivojevic, M., Geissler, S., Sitnikov, S., Muller, J., & Hierlemann, A. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2018.2890530 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Duvan, F. T., Cunquero, M., Masvidal‐Codina, E., Walston, S. T., Marsal, M., de la Cruz, J. M., Viana, D., Nguyen, D., Dégardin, J., Illa, X., et al. (2024) · Nanoscale Horizons · doi:10.1039/d4nh00282b · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Advances in neuroscience, not devices, will determine the effectiveness of visual prostheses
Abbasi, B., & Rizzo, J. F. (2021) · Seminars in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1080/08820538.2021.1887902 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) lie closer to the electrodes than to the underlying RGCs that are the intended targets of stimulation.(40) Inadvertent antidromic activation of peripheral RGCs can produce indistinct streak-like percepts that could degrade visual acuity, although modification of stimulus parameters, espec…”
BackgroundIm, M., & Kim, S. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab8ca9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Short pulses delivered fromepiretinal side is known to distort artificial visual percepts (Nanduri et al 2012, Beyeler et al 2017, 2019) due to unintended activation of axon bundles (Jensen et al 2003, Behrend et al 2009, Grosberg et al 2017).”
BackgroundIn Vivo Photovoltaic Performance of a Silicon Nanowire Photodiode–Based Retinal Prosthesis
Bosse, B., Damle, S., Akinin, A., Jing, Y., Bartsch, D., Cheng, L., Oesch, N. W., Lo, Y., Cauwenberghs, G., & Freeman, W. R. (2018) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.18-24554 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“phosphenes.(18) It also makes use of remaining inner retinal circuitry, allowing for more natural image processing.”
BackgroundArtificial Retina: A Future Cellular-Resolution Brain-Machine Interface
Muratore, D. G., & Chichilnisky, E. J. (2020) · The frontiers collection · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18338-7_24 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Corna, A., Ramesh, P., Jetter, F., Lee, M.-J., Macke, J. H., & Zeck, G. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac0679 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Electrical stimulation with single electrodes followed by electrophysiological imaging of axonal activation has been reported for ex vivo primate retina [14, 16], but was restricted to short stimuli (<100 μs) and larger electrode separations (60 μm).”
BackgroundMethodBioinspired and biointegrated vision for artificial sight convergence
Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhu, C., Xie, Z., Qin, Z., Wang, Z., & Chai, Y. (2025) · Nature Reviews Bioengineering · doi:10.1038/s44222-025-00324-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…prostheses also face similar challenges, in which state-of-the-art microelectrode-based retinal prostheses have pixel sizes in the tens of micrometres 115–120 , which induce electrical stimulation (and in turn activation) of only a small group of adjacent neurons, thereby reducing visual acuity.”
Spatially patterned bi-electrode epiretinal stimulation for axon avoidance at cellular resolution
Vilkhu, R. S., Madugula, S. S., Grosberg, L. E., Gogliettino, A. R., Hottowy, P., Dąbrowski, W., Sher, A., Litke, A. M., Mitra, S., & Chichilnisky, E. J. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac3450 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“However, it was difficult to investigate threshold changes for many non-target cells because the process of manually sorting spikes after electrical stimulation is time-consuming [20,22].”
InfluentialHöfling, L., Oesterle, J., Berens, P., & Zeck, G. M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61899-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Italiano, M. L., Guo, T., Lovell, N. H., & Tsai, D. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac72c2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“It is also apparent from our results that despite being able to achieve single-RGC activation in the peripheral retina, small cellular-scale electrodes are generally insufficient for single-RGC activation when used in the vicinity of the central retina (Grosberg et al 2017).”
Human-in-the-loop optimization of visual prosthetic stimulation
Fauvel, T., & Chalk, M. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac7615 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“This is due, in particular, to the limited spatial resolution of stimulating currents, the activation of passing axons, and the unspecific stimulation of cells of different types (Weitz et al., 2015; Grosberg et al., 2017; Golden et al., 2019; Beyeler, 2018; Beyeler et al., 2019).”
Biophysical basis of the linear electrical receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells
Esler, T. B., Maturana, M. I., Kerr, R. R., Grayden, D. B., Burkitt, A. N., & Hamish Meffin, A. (2018) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aacbaa · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Specifically, due to the proximity to epiretinal electrode arrays of overlying RGC nerve fiber bundles in the nerve fiber layer, the probability of activation of the axon of a distal neuron is higher under epiretinal stimulation [11, 42, 52, 53].”
BackgroundA model of ganglion axon pathways accounts for percepts elicited by retinal implants
Beyeler, M., Nanduri, D., Weiland, J. D., Rokem, A., Boynton, G. M., & Fine, I. (2018) · doi:10.1101/453035 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Precise control of neural activity using dynamically optimized electrical stimulation
Shah, N. P., Phillips, A., Madugula, S., Lotlikar, A., Gogliettino, A. R., Hays, M. R., Grosberg, L., Brown, J., Dusi, A., Tandon, P., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.83424 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Engineered biological neuronal networks as basic logic operators
Küchler, J., Vulić, K., Yao, H., Valmaggia, C., Ihle, S. J., Weaver, S., & Vörös, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncom.2025.1559936 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Networks with closer axonal adherence require lower stimulation voltages to trigger action potentials (Grosberg et al., 2017; Fernandes et al., 2023), resulting in a variable input range for a transition region.”
Automatic Identification of Axon Bundle Activation for Epiretinal Prosthesis
Tandon, P., Bhaskhar, N., Shah, N. P., Madugula, S. S., Grosberg, L. E., Fan, V. H., Hottowy, P., Sher, A., Litke, A. M., Chichilnisky, E. J., et al. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2021.3128486 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“3−2 ms after the stimulus is considered for spike time extraction, in order to a) avoid large initial recorded artifact and peak variation in artifact across amplitudes recorded at non-stimulated electrodes [37], and b) account for evoked spike latencies and axonal spike propagation [4], [6].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSimulating the perceptual effects of electrode–retina distance in prosthetic vision
Avraham, D., & Yitzhak Yitzhaky, B. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac6f82 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Madugula, S. S., Vilkhu, R. S., Shah, N. P., Grosberg, L. E., Kling, A., Gogliettino, A. R., Nguyen, H., Hottowy, P., Sher, A., Litke, A. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1023-22.2023 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Pre‐processing visual scenes for retinal prosthesis systems: A comprehensive review
Holiel, H. A., Fawzi, S. A., & Al‐Atabany, W. (2024) · Artificial Organs · doi:10.1111/aor.14824 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Restoration of Sight with Electronic Retinal Prostheses
Palanker, D., Weiland, J. D., Rosin, B., & Sahel, J. (2025) · Annual Review of Vision Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-vision-110323-025244 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Preferential modulation of individual retinal ganglion cells by electrical stimulation
Yunzab, M., Soto-Breceda, A., Maturana, M. I., Kirkby, S., Slattery, M., Newgreen, A., Hamish Meffin, A., Kameneva, T., Burkitt, A. N., Ibbotson, M. R., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac861f · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Fourth, the activation of axon bundles is one major limitation in the spatial resolution from epiretinal stimulation [56–59].”
Inferring light responses of primate retinal ganglion cells using intrinsic electrical signatures
Zaidi, M. H., Aggarwal, G., Shah, N. P., Karniol-Tambour, O., Goetz, G. A., Madugula, S. S., Gogliettino, A. R., Wu, E. G., Kling, A., Brackbill, N., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ace657 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Avoidance of axonal stimulation with sinusoidal epiretinal stimulation
Corna, A., Cojocaru, A.-E., Bui, M. T., Werginz, P., & Zeck, G. M. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad38de · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The problem of activation of passing axons may be tackled via closed-loop stimulus optimization algorithms (Grosberg et al 2017, Madugula et al 2022, Gogliettino et al 2023).”
MethodMinimizing axon bundle activation of retinal ganglion cells with oriented rectangular electrodes
Tong, W., Hejazi, M., Garrett, D. J., Esler, T. B., Prawer, S., Hamish Meffin, A., & Ibbotson, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab909e · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Roh, H., Otgondemberel, Y., & Im, M. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac8ed7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Electrophysiological investigation of intact retina with soft printed organic neural interface
Vėbraitė, I., David‐Pur, M., Rand, D., Głowacki, E. D., & Hanein, Y. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac36ab · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Clearly visible propagation in both directions along the nerve fibers as well as increase in response amplitude with increasing stimulation intensity is another important hallmark [11, 30].”
BackgroundMeng, C., Yang, L., Huang, Y., & Lü, X. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78142-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Efficient Modeling and Calibration of Multi-Electrode Stimuli for Epiretinal Implants
Vasireddy, P. K., Gogliettino, A. R., Brown, J. B., Vilkhu, R. S., Madugula, S. S., Phillips, A. J., Mitral, S., Hottowy, P., Sher, A., Litke, A., et al. (2023) · 2023 11th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER) · doi:10.1109/ner52421.2023.10123907 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Ex vivo experiments on the primate retina [4], [5] have shown that this is often achievable with singleelectrode electrical stimulation, but not always.”
BackgroundVasireddy, P. K., Vilkhu, R. S., Lotlikar, A., Brown, J. B., Phillips, A., Gogliettino, A. R., Hays, M. R., Baum, C., Kato, E. J., Sharon, A., et al. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116917 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Yousefi, T., & Kassiri, H. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3399711 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Morphological Factors that Underlie Neural Sensitivity to Stimulation in the Retina
Raghuram, V., Werginz, P., Fried, S. I., & Timko, B. P. (2021) · Advanced NanoBiomed Research · doi:10.1002/anbr.202100069 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Human-in-the-loop optimization of visual prosthetic stimulation
Fauvel, T., & Chalk, M. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.24.469867 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
High-fidelity reproduction of visual signals by electrical stimulation in the central primate retina
Gogliettino, A. R., Madugula, S. S., Grosberg, L. E., Vilkhu, R. S., Brown, J., Nguyen, H., Kling, A., Hottowy, P., Dąbrowski, W., Sher, A., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.493162 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“4A, left), consistent with the unique anatomical structure of this region (Vrabec, 1966; Grosberg et al., 2017), whereas in the periphery, the axons of RGCs all projected in the same direction toward the optic disc (Fig.”
InfluentialSelf-citationAhn, J., Yoo, Y., & Goo, Y. S. (2023) · Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.4196/kjpp.2023.27.6.541 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neurostimulation in Neuro-Ophthalmology: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential
Shaheen, N., Khaled, M. B., Seo, S., Bezchlibnyk, Y. B., Flouty, O. E., & Bharmauria, V. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.115105 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Block Phenomena During Electric Micro-Stimulation of Pyramidal Cells and Retinal Ganglion Cells
Sajedi, S., Fellner, A., Werginz, P., & Rattay, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.771600 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lemaire, W., Benhouria, M., Koua, K., Tong, W., Martin-Hardy, G., Stamp, M. E. M., Ganesan, K., Gauthier, L.-P., Besrour, M., Ahnood, A., et al. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2024.3516492 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“With smaller 10 µ m electrodes placed epiretinally, stimulating with biphasic electrical pulses of 0.05–0.1 ms result in thresholds in the order of 1 µ A [41], [43].”
BackgroundInfluentialSpike sorting in the presence of stimulation artifacts: a dynamical control systems approach
Shokri, M., Gogliettino, A. R., Hottowy, P., Sher, A., Litke, A. M., Chichilnisky, E. J., Pequito, S., & Muratore, D. G. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad228f · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…stimulation, the retina was electrically stimulated by injecting a brief current pulse (charge balanced, positive first, triphasic, 50 µ s per phase in relative ratios of 2:-3:1) through one electrode at a time in a random sequence while recording on all electrodes simultaneously [21, 22, 33, 44].”
BackgroundMethodSensory Particles with Optical Telemetry
Ganesan, K., Flores, T. A., Le, B. Q., Muratore, D. G., Patel, N. A., Mitra, S., Murmann, B., & Palanker, D. (2020) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas45731.2020.9180905 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Recording of the retinal response to stimulation allows distinguishing between somatic and axonal responses [14, 17], and fine-tuning of stimuli to avoid electrodes that elicit axonal responses or indiscriminate stimulation of multiple cells [18].”
BackgroundAutomatic Identification and Avoidance of Axon Bundle Activation for Epiretinal ProsthesisPreprint
Tandon, P., Bhaskhar, N., Shah, N. P., Madugula, S. S., Grosberg, L. E., Fan, V. H., Hottowy, P., Sher, A., Litke, A. M., Chichilnisky, E. J., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429317 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“3−2 ms after the stimulus is considered for spike time extraction, in order to a) avoid large initial recorded artifact and peak variation in artifact across amplitudes recorded at non-stimulated electrodes [32], and b) account for evoked spike latencies and axonal spike propagation [4,6].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPhotovoltaic stimulation efficiently evokes network-mediated activity of retinal ganglion cellsPreprint
Chenais, N. A. L., Leccardi, M. J. I. A., & Ghezzi, D. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/652404
“The 405 perception of elongated ovoid phosphenes is imputed to the bidirectional depolarization of axonal fibres 406 [25,26], that is to say, the temporal precision separating orthodromic and antidromic followed by orthodromic 407 signals vanished with upstream signal integration.”
BackgroundInfluentialVisual Prosthesis, Optoelectronic Devices
Palanker, D. (2018) · Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7320-6_665-2
Visual Prosthesis, Optoelectronic Devices
Palanker, D. (2022) · Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1006-0_665
Lavoie, J., Besrour, M., Lemaire, W., Rouat, J., Fontaine, R., & Plourde, É. (2023) · Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express · doi:10.1088/2057-1976/acf1a5
“In addition, both tend to limit the number of usable electrodes and the range of possible stimulation intensity, thus reducing the diversity of shapes that can be generated by epiretinal implants [25, 23].”
Comparison of modulation efficiency between normal and degenerated primate retina
Yoo, Y., Cha, S., & Goo, Y. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2024.1419007
Engineered biological neural networks as basic logic operatorsPreprint
Küchler, J., Vulić, K., Yao, H., Valmaggia, C., Ihle, S. J., Weaver, S. M., & Vörös, J. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.12.23.630065
Short Pulse Epiretinal Stimulation Allows Focal Activation of Retinal Ganglion Cells
Koppenwallner, L. X., Zeck, G. M., & Werginz, P. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2025.3529940
“Experimental studies in the ex-vivo retina and computational studies unequivocally identified axonal activation to be the underlying reason for ill-defined percepts [12].”
Retinal Ganglion Cell Diversity in Disease: Clinical Implications and Type-Specific Evaluation
Makam, R., Rider, A. T., Yu‐Wai‐Man, P., & Gilhooley, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/wno.0000000000002381
Phillips, A., Lotlikar, A., Kling, A., Hays, M. R., Vasireddy, P. K., Hofflich, B., Sharon, A., Sommeling, M., Brown, J. B., Baum, C., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.04.721188
“Several studies demonstrated selective activation of individual neurons [21–23 ,25 ,26 ], and The high spatial and temporal resolution achieved in this work is unique in the domain of vision restoration.”
Kato, E. J., Vasireddy, P. K., Lotlikar, A., Brown, J. B., Phillips, A., Hottowy, P., Sher, A., Litke, A. M., Mitra, S., Shah, N. P., et al. (2025) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner61569.2025.11588965
“However, axonal electrodes can also support stimulation [19], [20].”
- Authors
- Grosberg, L. E., Ganesan, K., Goetz, G. A., Madugula, S. S., Bhaskhar, N., Fan, V., Li, P., Hottowy, P., Dabrowski, W., Sher, A., Litke, A. M., Mitra, S., & Chichilnisky, E. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland; and
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- Corresponding author
- Grosberg, Lauren E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2017-09-01
- Volume
- 118
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1457-1471
- ISSN
- 0022-3077 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1598
- PMC
- PMC5596129
- OpenAlex
- W2620368413
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 3.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Eye Institute (NEI) (F32EY025120, EY021271)
- NIH (5R21EB004410, NS069375)
- National Science Foundation (NSF) (PHY-0750525)
- Narodowe Centrum Nauki (Polish National Science Centre) (DEC-2013/10/M/NZ4/00268)
- Pew Charitable Trusts (PEW)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- retinal ganglion cells, electrical stimulation, multi-electrode recording, bidirectional propagation, stimulation threshold, peripheral retina, central retina, artificial vision, primate retina
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Axons, Electric Stimulation, Evoked Potentials, Female, Macaca mulatta, Male, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Sensory Thresholds, Neural Prostheses
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