The art of entrainment
Abstract
The circadian system actively synchronizes the temporal sequence of biological functions with the environment. The oscillatory behavior of the system ensures that entrainment is not passive or driven and therefore allows for great plasticity and adaptive potential. With the tools at hand, we now can concentrate on the most important circadian question: How is the complex task of entrainment achieved by anatomical, cellular, and molecular components? Understanding entrainment is equal to understanding the circadian system. The results of this basic research will help us to understand temporal ecology and will allow us to improve conditions for humans in industrialized societies.
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BackgroundResultInfluentialModulation of environmental responses of plants by circadian clocks
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Light Regulates the Cell Cycle in Zebrafish
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“Similarly, the differences in melatonin amplitude between summer and winter seasons are also in keeping with early chronobiological observations of changes in the circadian system associated with seasonal change in the Zeitgeber signal [60,61].”
BackgroundResultHuman Activity and Rest In Situ
Roenneberg, T., Keller, L. K., Fischer, D., Matera, J. L., Vetter, C., & Winnebeck, E. C. (2015) · Methods in Enzymology · doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2014.11.028 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
The µMCTQ: An Ultra-Short Version of the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire
Ghotbi, N., Pilz, L. K., Winnebeck, E. C., Vetter, C., Zerbini, G., Lenssen, D., Frighetto, G., Salamanca, M., Costa, R., Montagnese, S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730419886986 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Korman, M., Tkachev, V., Reis, C., Komada, Y., Kitamura, S., Gubin, D., Kumar, V., & Roenneberg, T. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79299-7 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationContinuous dynamic adjustment of the plant circadian oscillator
Webb, A. A. R., Seki, M., Satake, A., & Caldana, C. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08398-5 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
The Role of Daylight for Humans: Gaps in Current Knowledge
Münch, M. Y., Wirz‐Justice, A., Brown, S. A., Kantermann, T., Martiny, K., Stefani, O., Vetter, C., Wright, K. P., Wulff, K., & Skene, D. J. (2020) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep2010008 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Human-Centric Lighting: Foundational Considerations and a Five-Step Design Process
Houser, K. W., & Esposito, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.630553 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Daylight naturally provides bright days and dark nights, creating both the cycle and light/dark ratio that is essential for circadian entrainment (78, 79).”
BackgroundHusse, J., Gregor Eichele, C., & Oster, H. (2015) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201500026 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“identical, regions of the brain (compare [42] and [37]), both studies gave very similar results.”
BackgroundResultLight exposure in the natural environment: Relevance to mood and sleep disorders
Dumont, M., & Beaulieu, C. (2007) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2006.11.008 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“[36] Roenneberg T, Daan S, MerrowM.”
BackgroundInsect photoperiodic calendar and circadian clock: Independence, cooperation, or unity?
Košťál, V. (2010) · Journal of Insect Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.10.006 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
The philosophy of plant neurobiology: a manifesto
Calvo, P. (2016) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-016-1040-1 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
E-box function in a period gene repressed by light
Vallone, D., Gondi, S. B., Whitmore, D., & Foulkes, N. S. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0305436101 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Human-centric lighting: Myth, magic or metaphor?
Houser, K. W., Boyce, P. R., Zeitzer, J. M., & Herf, M. (2020) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/1477153520958448 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
The times they’re a-changing: Effects of circadian desynchronization on physiology and disease
Golombek, D. A., Casiraghi, L. P., Agostino, P. V., Paladino, N., Duhart, J. M., Plano, S. A., & Chiesa, J. J. (2013) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2013.03.007 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype
Hagenauer, M. H., & Lee, T. M. (2012) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.04.003 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“For example, light exposure in the evening causes circadian rhythms to shift later, and light exposure in the early morning causes circadian rhythms to shift earlier, but in most species light exposure during the midday has little effect because it confirms that the circadian system is already aligned properly with th…”
BackgroundThaut, M. H. (2015) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.11.030 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“Entrainment is a common phenomenon in the physical world—e.g., coupled oscillators, fluid waves, etc. Entrainment also occurs in nature, e.g., fireflies flashing their light signal and in circadian rhythms entraining to light–dark cycles within the 24-h day period (Roenneberg et al., 2003).”
BackgroundEntrainment of the master circadian clock by scheduled feeding
Castillo, M. R., Hochstetler, K. J., Tavernier, R. J., Greene, D. M., & Bult‐Ito, A. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00247.2004 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“Light, the strongest natural zeitgeber or timing cue, shifts the clock so that it can entrain to the external light/dark (LD) cycle (28).”
The Neurospora crassa Circadian Clock
Heintzen, C., & Liu, Y. (2007) · Advances in genetics · doi:10.1016/s0065-2660(06)58002-2 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Daylight Saving Time and Artificial Time Zones – A Battle Between Biological and Social Times
Roenneberg, T., Winnebeck, E. C., & Klerman, E. B. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00944 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Photic Regulation of Clock Systems
Hughes, S., Jagannath, A., Hankins, M. W., Foster, F., & Peirson, S. N. (2014) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2014.10.018 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The experience of time: neural mechanisms and the interplay of emotion, cognition and embodiment
Wittmann, M., & van Wassenhove, V. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0025 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“24 hours) that regulates the daily rhythms in fundamental aspects of physiology and behaviour (Roenneberg et al. 2003; Wittmann et al. 2006a).”
BackgroundHaraden, D. A., Mullin, B. C., & Hankin, B. L. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22682 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Bonmati-Carrion, M. A., Middleton, B., Revell, V., Skene, D. J., Rol, M. A., & Madrid, J. A. (2014) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2013.820740 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Questionnaires have been developed that provide an estimate of chronotype: Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (Roenneberg et al., 2003b) or diurnal preference (Horne–Östberg Morningness– Eveningness Questionnaire (Horne & Östberg, 1976).”
BackgroundMethodMin, J.-Y., & Min, K.-B. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.039 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Daily Light Exposure in Morning-Type and Evening-Type Individuals
Goulet, G., Mongrain, V., Desrosiers, C., Paquet, J., & Dumont, M. (2007) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730406297780 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Exposure to sunlight in the daytime increases the amplitude of the light-dark signal, and questionnaire studies have found that individuals with earlier sleep schedules spend more time outdoors in bright light than do subjects who go to bed later (Harada et al., 2002; Roenneberg et al., 2003b).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMultiple Effects of Melatonin on Rhythmic Clock Gene Expression in the Mammalian Pars Tuberalis
Johnston, J. D., Tournier, B. B., Andersson, H., Masson‐Pévet, M., Lincoln, G. A., & Hazlerigg, D. G. (2005) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2005-1100 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“suggests that PT cells exhibit a type 0 resetting response (29)”
BackgroundShift-work research: Where do we stand, where should we go?
Kantermann, T., Juda, M., Vetter, C., & Roenneberg, T. (2010) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2010.00432.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Levy, O., Dayan, T., & Kronfeld‐Schor, N. (2007) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420520701534640 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, there are definitely some characteristics of the circadian system outputs that differ between diurnal and nocturnal species (e.g., the starting phase of the free-running rhythm; see Roenneberg et al., 2003), some more marked than others.”
BackgroundChronotypes and circadian timing in migraine
van Oosterhout, W., Someren, E. J. W. V., Schoonman, G., Louter, M., Lammers, G. J., Ferrari, M. D., & Terwindt, G. (2017) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102417698953 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“The use of validated instruments for migraine diagnosis and chronotype (5,14) assured large populations of well characterised migraine patients and healthy participants and detailed evaluation of circadian rhythmicity.”
BackgroundMethodDisturbed Clockwork Resetting in Sharp-1 and Sharp-2 Single and Double Mutant Mice
Rossner, M. J., Oster, H., Wichert, S. P., Reinecke, L., Wehr, M. C., Reinecke, J., Gregor Eichele, C., Taneja, R., & Nave, K. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002762 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“circadian system has been postulated before [6,34].”
Adolescent sleep patterns in humans and laboratory animals
Hagenauer, M. H., & Lee, T. M. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.01.013 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“Morning light shifts the circadian timekeeping system earlier (phase-advance) and evening light shifts it later (phasedelay), whereas light exposure at midday has little effect (Johnson, 1992; Roenneberg et al., 2003).”
Latitudinal cline of chronotype
Leocadio-Miguel, M. A., Louzada, F. M., Duarte, L. L., Areas, R. P., Alam, M., Freire, M. V., Fontenele-Araujo, J., Menna-Barreto, L., & Pedrazzoli, M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05797-w · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Phase Angle of Entrainment in Morning‐ and Evening‐Types under Naturalistic Conditions
Emens, J. S., Yuhas, K., Rough, J. N., Kochar, N. K., Peters, D., & Lewy, A. J. (2009) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420520902821077 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“The effects of schedule constraints may also be a factor (Leonhard & Randler, 2009; Roenneberg et al., 2003b).”
InfluentialRoenneberg, T., Dragovic, Z., & Merrow, M. W. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0501884102 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Human Chronotypes from a Theoretical Perspective
Granada, A. E., Bordyugov, G., Kramer, A., & Herzel, H. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059464 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Comparable predictions relate light intensity and chronotypes [33].”
BackgroundAn intrinsic oscillator drives the blood stage cycle of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
Smith, L. M., Motta, F. C., Chopra, G., Moch, J. K., Nerem, R. R., Cummins, B., Roche, K. E., Kelliher, C., Leman, A. R., Harer, J., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aba4357 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Circadian Rhythms in Microorganisms: New Complexities
Lakin‐Thomas, P. L., & Brody, S. (2004) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123744 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Tuning the phase of circadian entrainment
Bordyugov, G., Abraham, U., Granada, A. E., Rose, P., Imkeller, K., Kramer, A., & Herzel, H. (2015) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2015.0282 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“A quantification of instantaneous periods and phases together with oscillator modelling can help to distinguish transients, such as jet lag and after effects, beating (also termed ‘relative coordination’) and more complex temporal patterns such as m/n frequency locking (aka frequency de-multiplication [12]) and determ…”
BackgroundAssociation between the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire and Wrist Actigraphy
Santisteban, J. A., Brown, T. G., & Gruber, R. (2018) · Sleep Disorders · doi:10.1155/2018/5646848 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“This relationship between the time points of the internal marker and external cue is called phase angle or phase of entrainment [9].”
BackgroundElvin, M., Loros, J., Dunlap, J., & Heintzen, C. (2005) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.349305 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“With a detailed knowledge of the molecular components of the free-running oscillator at hand, we can now begin to investigate how circadian clocks function under the more realistic conditions of a light–dark (LD) cycle (Roenneberg et al. 2003).”
BackgroundThe search for circadian clock components in humans: new perspectives for association studies
Allebrandt, K. V., & Roenneberg, T. (2008) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2008000800013 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“The theory of entrainment (42) predicts, for example, that if one polymorphism results in a shorter free-running period (still being longer than 24 h) and another in reducing the sensitivity to the zeitgeber, chronotype may not change, although it would with either polymorphism alone (albeit in opposed directions).”
BackgroundVetter, C., Juda, M., & Roenneberg, T. (2012) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.707999 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Thus, free days after evening shifts are best suited as analogy to mid-sleep on free days in day-working populations (Roenneberg et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialReconfiguration of a Multi-oscillator Network by Light in the Drosophila Circadian Clock
Chatterjee, A., Lamaze, A., De, J., Mena, W., Chélot, E., Martin, B., Hardin, P. E., Kadener, S., Emery, P., & Rouyer, F. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.064 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The circadian system, sleep, and the health/disease balance: a conceptual review
Roenneberg, T., Foster, F., & Klerman, E. B. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13621 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
van der Linden, A. M., Beverly, M., Kadener, S., Rodriguez, J., Wasserman, S. M., Rosbash, M., & Sengupta, P. (2010) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000503 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Start the clock! Circadian rhythms and development
Vallone, D., Lahiri, K., Dickmeis, T., & Foulkes, N. S. (2006) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/dvdy.20998 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“ronment (Roenneberg et al., 2003).”
BackgroundRoenneberg, T., Chua, E. J., Bernardo, R., & Mendoza, E. (2008) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.017 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Sleep and light exposure across different levels of urbanisation in Brazilian communities
Pilz, L. K., Levandovski, R. M., de Oliveira, M. A. B., Hidalgo, M. P. L., & Roenneberg, T. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29494-4 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Is Critical for Circadian Regulation of Glucocorticoids
Loh, D. H., Abad, C., Colwell, C. S., & Waschek, J. A. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000140676 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“In support of this, our study shows that mice lacking VIP not only in the hypothalamus but also in the adrenals are capable of mounting a normal corticosterone response to acute stress. Taken together with the ability of VIP-deficient mice to maintain normal basal concentration of corticosterone, we can conclude that…”
BackgroundBlue-enriched office light competes with natural light as a zeitgeber
Vetter, C., Juda, M., Lang, D., Wojtysiak, A., & Roenneberg, T. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3144 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Periodic signals of the environment (zeitgebers) synchronize this circadian (about one day) rhythm to the 24-hour rotation of the earth (1).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialZeitgebers (time cues) for biological clocks
Sharma, V. K., & Chandrashekaran, M. K. (2005) · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Entrainment in a Model of the Mammalian Circadian Oscillator
Geier, F. M., Becker-Weimann, S., Kramer, A., & Herzel, H. (2005) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730404269309 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Epigenetic Regulation of Biological Rhythms: An Evolutionary Ancient Molecular Timer
Stevenson, T. J. (2017) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2017.11.003 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Kolodyazhniy, V., Späti, J., Frey, S., Götz, T., Wirz‐Justice, A., Kräuchi, K., Cajochen, C., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2012) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.700669 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Light is the major zeitgeber responsible for entraining the circadian clock to the external day (Roenneberg et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethodMracek, P., Santoriello, C., Idda, M. L., Pagano, C., Ben-Moshe, Z., Gothilf, Y., Vallone, D., & Foulkes, N. S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051278 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The most commonly employed environmental signal or so-called ‘‘zeitgeber’’ is light although others include temperature and food availability [7,8].”
BackgroundEntrainment Dissociates Transcription and Translation of a Circadian Clock Gene in Neurospora
Tan, Y. C., Dragovic, Z., Roenneberg, T., & Merrow, M. W. (2004) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.02.035 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Timing of host feeding drives rhythms in parasite replication
Prior, K. F., van der Veen, D. R., O’Donnell, A. J., Cumnock, K., Schneider, D. S., Pain, A., Subudhi, A. K., Ramaprasad, A., Rund, S. S. C., Savill, N. J., et al. (2018) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006900 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“In most organisms, endogenous circadian oscillators (“clocks”) involve transcription-translation feedback loops whose timing is synchronised to external cues, such as light-dark and feeding-fasting cycles [9,10] but there is generally little homology across taxa in the genes underpinning oscillators.”
BackgroundWare, J. V., Nelson, O. L., Robbins, C. T., & Jansen, H. T. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00313.2012 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Entrainment of the circadian clock combined with the 102 direct masking effects of light and dark are therefore thought to be major determinants of activity 103 patterns in animals (10, 65, 71).”
Studying the Evolution of the Vertebrate Circadian Clock
Foulkes, N. S., Whitmore, D., Vallone, D., & Bertolucci, C. (2016) · Advances in genetics · doi:10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.05.002 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Kolodyazhniy, V., Späti, J., Frey, S., Götz, T., Wirz‐Justice, A., Kräuchi, K., Cajochen, C., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2011) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730410391619 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Chronotype and environmental light exposure in a student population
Porcheret, K., Lucien Wald, A., Fritschi, L., Gerkema, M. P., Gordijn, M. C. M., Merrrow, M., Rajaratnam, S. M. W., Rock, D. J., Sletten, T. L., Warman, G. R., et al. (2018) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2018.1482556 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Differences in the relationships between an individual ’ s circadian phase and external local time give rise to a distribution of chron-otypes across the population, ranging from early chronotypes, the proverbial “ larks ” , to late chrono-types termed “ owls ” (Roenneberg et al. 2003a).”
BackgroundMethodSites of Circadian Clock Neuron Plasticity Mediate Sensory Integration and Entrainment
Fernandez, M. P., Pettibone, H. L., Bogart, J. T., Roell, C. J., Davey, C. E., Pranevicius, A., Huynh, K. V., Lennox, S. M., Kostadinov, B., & Shafer, O. T. (2020) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.025 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Mongrain, V., Paquet, J., & Dumont, M. (2006) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.07.002 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Musicians’ Natural Frequencies of Performance Display Optimal Temporal Stability
Zamm, A., Wang, Y., & Palmėr, C. (2018) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730418783651 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Towards a framework for light-dosimetry studies: Methodological considerations
Hartmeyer, S. L., Webler, F. S., & Andersen, M. (2022) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/14771535221103258 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Canavier, C. C. (2006) · Scholarpedia · doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.1332 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Spoelstra, K., Verhagen, I., Meijer, D., & Visser, M. E. (2018) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.2751 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Entrainment of circadian rhythms to irregular light/dark cycles: a subterranean perspective
Flôres, D. E. F. L., Jannetti, M. G., Valentinuzzi, V. S., & Oda, G. A. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep34264 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Circadian clocks: an overview on its adaptive significance
Krittika, S., & Yadav, P. (2020) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2019.1581480 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
A Role for Blind DN2 Clock Neurons in Temperature Entrainment of the Drosophila Larval Brain
Picot, M., Klarsfeld, A., Chélot, E., Malpel, S., & Rouyer, F. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0279-08.2009 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“, 2005), synchronized to the day–night cycles by light and temperature (Rensing and Ruoff, 2002; Roenneberg et al., 2003).”
Background
- Authors
- Roenneberg, T., Daan, S., & Merrow, M.
- Affiliations
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie (DE)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Rhythms
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 183-194
- ISSN
- 0748-7304 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-4531
- OpenAlex
- W2129473744
- Cited by
- 387
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 1.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Rhythms (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- circadian entrainment, circadian system, biological oscillations, circadian plasticity, circadian adaptation, temporal ecology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Clocks, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Photoperiod
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